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Provide clear and understandable directions to students about how to respond. Be sure the items themselves are clear (unambiguous) to students. Do not provide unintentional cues regarding the correct response. Use grammar and vocabulary consistent with the source of instructio.
Additoinal rules for Binary-Choice Items Binary-choice (or alternate-choice) items present a proposition for which one of two opposing options represents the correct answer. Several variants exist:
True-false. Fact-opinion. Right-wrong. Yes-no.
Binary-Choice Items
(Variations: Embedded true-false items) Indicate whether each underlined word is used as a verb (V) or as something other (O) than a verb.
Sailing has many advantages as a recreational sport. You can sail by yourself or with others. While basic techniques can be learned quickly, you can spend a life-time developing your sailing skills. Answers V O has V O with V O spend V O as V O While V O sailing V O techniques V O can V O sail V O learned
Binary-Choice Items
(Variations: Multiple true-false items)
Binary-Choice Items
Advantages and Limitations
Limitations: Advantages: Highly susceptible to Allows adequate guessing. sampling of (usually, knowledge- Can be used only when dichotomous answers level) content. represent sufficient Relatively easy to response options. construct. Usually, only indirectly Objectively and assess intellectual skills. efficiently scored.
Binary-Choice Items
Qualities of Good Binary-choice Items
Require appropriate level of reading skill. Emphasize adjectives or adverbs when they alter or reverse the meaning of the item. Have one (of two) response options that is
unequivocally correct. Continued on next slide
Binary-Choice Items
Qualities of Good Binary-choice Items Exclude adjectives and adverbs that imply an indefinite degree. Avoid adjectives and adverbs that imply absolute meaning Be stated as simply as possible (e.g., should exclude window dressing). Should be written so that the incorrect response is plausible. Should present a single proposition (not a doublebarreled proposition)
Binary-Choice Items
Tip for improving the quality: Use contrasts
Without contrast: The reliability of shortanswer tests is unaffected by guessing. With contrast: The reliability of shortanswer tests is less affected by guessing than is the reliability of multiple-choice tests.
Binary-Choice Items
Examples of double-barreled propositions
Although essay tests require less time to construct than do multiple-choice tests, they require more time to score. Classroom tests should be reliable and yield consistent scores across time.
Binary-Choice Items
Evaluation
Binary-Choice Items
Evaluation
Learning target: Information. Identify qualities desired in multiple-choice items. Poor Item T or F: Sometimes multiple choice items are superior to true-false items. Improved Item T or F: A 10-item multiple-choice test typically will be more reliable than a 10-item true-false test.
Binary-Choice Items
Evaluation
qualities desired in multiple-choice items. Poor Item T F Good multiple-choice items measure important skills. Improved Item T F If plausible distracters are easy to develop, a table of specifications is of little value when constructing multiple-choice items.
Multiple-Choice Items
Multiple-Choice Items:
Advantages and Limitations Advantages Provide for a wide sampling of content. Effectively structure the problem to be addressed. Can be quickly and objectively scored. Limitations Somewhat susceptible to guessing. Indirectly measure targeted behaviors. Time-consuming to construct.
Multiple-Choice Items
Example: Due to lack of parallel content this item may have more than one correct answer: Which of the following represents the warmest temperature? A. 100 degrees Celsius B. 200 degrees Fahrenheit C. 300 degrees Kelvin D. an oven set a medium
Multiple-Choice Items Which item stem contains window dressing? A. What is the highest numerical value of a reliability coefficient? B. Although usually not obtainable, the maximum value of a reliability coefficient E is 1.0.
Multiple-Choice Items
(Continued)
Sample item with equally plausible distracters:
Which item format requires students to spend the greatest portion examination time actually solving problems presented by the items: A. Essay B. Short-answer C. True-false D. Multiple-Choice
Multiple-Choice Items
(Continued)
Matching Items
Anatomy of a matching item:
Consist of Premises (or stimuli) and Responses. Advantages Provides for wide sampling of knowledge targets. Relatively easy to construct. Can be scored objectively and efficiently.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Include homogeneous premises and responses. Use more responses than premises. Make sure directions are clear to students. Keep responses short and logically ordered. Use four to ten premises (and restrict to one page). 6. Avoid grammatical clues to correct answers.
In general, however, if a selectedresponse item can provide the same evaluative information as a constructed-response item, use the selected-response item.
Short-Answer Items:
Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: 1. Easy to construct. 2. Require the student to supply and answer. 3. Many such items can be included in a test. Disadvantages: 1. Generally limited to knowledge-level skills. 2. More likely scored erroneously than are selectedresponse items.
Completion Items:
Item-writing rules
Same advantages/disadvantages of short-answer items. Same rules applicable to completion items, plus these additional four:
1. 2. 3. 4. Be sure the blank represents a key word or phrase. Position blank at or near the end of the item. Keep blanks the same length. Use no more than two or three blanks.
M-C Item Flaws Which best describes what happens when work is done?
A. B. C. D. A force operates through a distance. A force is exerted. Energy is destroyed. Potential energy is changed to kinetic energy.
[A]Flaw: Using stereotyped phrases. Item can be answered correctly based on recall of verbal information as well as through understanding of the principal involved.
M-C Item Flaws Which of the following has helped most to increase the length of human life?
A. B. C. D. Fast driving. Avoidance of overeating. Wider use of vitamins. Wider use of inoculation.
[D]Flaw: highly implausible distracter. Choice A is unreasonable, reducing the item to a three-choice item.
[C]Flaw: Verbal trick in distracter: choice A inserts the word not into a phrase otherwise attributable to Horace Greeley.
[A]Flaw: Non-parallel distracters. Choices A and B give specific places, C designates a more general area, D specifies a time. This ambiguity makes more than one choice correct.
M-C Item Flaws While ironing her formal, Jane burned her hand accidentally on the hot iron. This was due to a transfer of heat by
A. conduction. B. radiation. C. conversion. D. absorption.
[A]Flaw: Stem includes window dressing. The introduction implies a practical problem when the item only involves knowledge of technical terms.
M-C Item Flaws In the definition of a mineral, which of the following is incorrect?
A. B. C. D. It was produced by geologic processes. It has distinctive physical properties. It contains one or more elements. It has a variable chemical composition.
[D]Flaw: Uses a negative in the stem; tends to be confusing. These types of items are rarely found outside the classroom.
Flaw: No best answer. Whos to say which is more important. Even experts would not agree.
M-C Item Flaws The population of Denmark is about A. 2 million. B. 15 million. C. 4 million. D. 7 million. Flaw: Unnatural sequence of responses. It would be better to order from 2 million to 15 million.
M-C Item Flaws The balance sheet report for the Ajax Canning Company would reveal (A) the companys profit for the previous fiscal year, (B) the amount of money owed to its creditors, (C) the amount of income tax paid, or (D) the amount of sales for the previous fiscal period. [A]Flaw: Placing distracters in tandem with the item stem.
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