Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

Magnet
A body possessing a property of attracting to itself the particles of IRON. Various Shapes Round bars, rectangular bars, horseshoes, rings or donuts, disks, rectangles, multi-fingered rings, and multiother custom shapes.
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Classes of Magnet:
1. Natural Magnet > Are iron ores, and also called magnetite. e.g Lodestone 2. Permanent Magnet > Are bars or hard steel which have been magnetized or alloyed > materials is heated to red hot and cooled in a strong magnetic field to retain its magnetism permanently even current or emf is removed.
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3. Temporary Magnet
> act like a permanent magnet when they field, are within a strong magnetic field, but lose their magnetism when the magnetic field disappears. e.g Paperclips, nails and other soft iron items.

4. Electromagnets
> also called artificial magnet > a magnet produced by passing an electric current through an insulated wire coiled around a core of SOFT IRON.
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* When current flows through the coil,

the core is magnetized and when current ceased, it looses it magnetism. Advantage of Electromagnets 1. more powerful than permanent magnet 2. can easily be control or regulated

Classification of Magnetic Materials 1. Ferromagnetic Substance

> strongly magnetized > which readily respond to magnetic field > strongly attracted by the magnetic field e.g Iron, cobalt, nickel
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2. Paramagnetic Substance > slightly magnetized

> are attracted only slightly by a strong magnetic field

e.g aluminum, tin 3. Diamagnetic

> weakly magnetized > Are slightly repelled by magnetic field

e.g copper and alloys

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Permeance or Permeability
> determine the magnetic properties of materials. > ability of various materials to accept or allow magnetic lines of force to exist in them. > The ratio of flux density to the magnetizing force > Is a measure of the ease with which will permit the passage of magnetic flux. e.g Ferromagnetic = high permeability Paramagnetic = medium permeability Diamagnetic = low permeability
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Magnetic Quantities Flux > lines of magnetic force around a magnet that indicate the direction of force in the vicinity of a magnetic poles. Flux / Magnetic density > Flux / m2 > is a measure of the number of lines of force per unit area. > The unit of flux density is tesla e.g 50 lines of flux are shown in an = 50 tesla area of 1m2

Magnetic Force/Strength > The number of lines of force passing through a magnet or magnetic field per unit area of cross section. Magnetic field > The region surrounding a magnet through which magnetic force act > Lines of force near the poles of a magnet is greater, while farther becomes weaker till disappears.
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Magnetic Retentivity
> Ability to retain parts of magnetism after magnetism force has been withdrawn.

Hysteresis
> The logging of magnetism in a magnetic metal, behind the magnetizing flux which produces it. > Is due to the friction between molecules of IRON or other magnetic substance which require energy to change their position. This energy is converted to heat (hysterisis loss)
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MagnetoMagneto-motive Force > The force generated by a magnet which produces magnetic lines. MMF is measured in Ampere turn which is generated in electromagnets AmpTurn I flowing through the coil multiplied by the number of turns of coil (N) AmpTurn = IcurrentTTurns
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Reluctance > The reciprocal of Permeability > The opposition to the passage of lines of force in a magnetic circuit Magnetic Saturation > When magneto-motive force is magnetoimmediately acquire magnetic properties > The greater applied that are acquired, after a material acquired certain amount of magnetism, and further application of MMF will result in slightly increase in magnetism.
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Residual Magnetism
All materials retain some degree of magnetism after MMF that produce magnetism is removed. It is the magnetism remains after MMF is removed Residual magnetism is very low for easily magnetized materials (SOFT IRON) & High for alloy

Coercive Force
The magnetizing force which is use to demagnetize a magnetic materials
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Factors Influencing the Strength of the Magnetic Field of Solenoid 1. The number of turns on the solenoid 2. The value of current which flows 3. The material of the core

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The more turns there are in a solenoid, the greater the strength of magnetic field The greater current flow, the stronger the magnetic field The magnetic core will increase strength of magnetic field e.g strength of air-core solenoid will airincrease by a factor of several thousand by inserting a SOFT IRON CORE Because AIR is non-magnetic substance nonhas low permeability (magnetic materials).

Why:


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Fleming Hand Rule

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Right hand rule (for generators) shows the generators) direction of induced current flow when a conductor moves in a magnetic field. field. First finger = direction of the Field. SeC SeCond finger = direction of the induced or generated Current or EMF (from positive to negative). Thu ThuMb = direction of thrust or Motion of the conductor.
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Left hand rule (for electric motors) motors) shows the direction of the thrust on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field. field. First finger = direction of the Field. Sec Second finger = direction of the Current (from positive to negative). negative). Thu Thumb = direction of the Thrust Thrust or resultant Motion.

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Straight Wire Conductor

Left Hand Rule
Thumb Points In Direction of Current Flow

Fingers Point In Direction of Magnetic Field Current Carrying Wire

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Right Hand Rule Direction Of Force

Magnetic Field

Direction Of Current
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A right-handed variant of this rule is rightas follows: If the Current through a wire is in the direction of the thumb of the right hand, and the direction of an external Magnetic field on the wire is Magnetic fingers, represented by the fingers, then the Force experienced by the wire will be in the direction the palm of the right hand is facing. RightRight-handed variants are useful for people who write with their left hand.
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Lorentz Force Law describe the effects of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field. The simplest form of this law is given by the scalar equation  F = QvB  F is the force acting on the particle (vector)  v is velocity of particle (vector)  Q is charge of particle (scalar)
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Losses lowers the efficiency of electrical

machineries/devices.
Total Losses Copper Loss Armature copper loss Field copper loss Iron loss Hysteresis Eddy current Mechanical loss Windage loss Friction loss
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Variable loss

Constant loss

Rotational loss

Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

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Magnet
A body possessing a property of attracting to itself the particles of IRON.

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Classes of Magnet:
1. Natural Magnet > Are iron ores, and also called magnetite. e.g Lodestone 2. Permanent Magnet > Are bars or hard steel which have been magnetized or alloyed > materials is heated to red hot and cooled in a strong magnetic field to retain its magnetism permanently even current or emf is removed.
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3. Electromagnets
> also called artificial or temporarily magnet > a magnet produced by passing an electric current through an insulated wire conductor coiled around a core of SOFT IRON. > when current flows through the coil, the core is magnetized and when current ceased, it looses it magnetism.

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Advantage of Electromagnets
1. more powerful than permanent magnet 2. can easily be control or regulated Classification of Magnetic Materials 1. Ferromagnetic Substance
which readily respond to magnetic field, (strongly magnetized) strongly attracted by the magnetic field

example: Iron, cobalt, nickel (2 valence electron)

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2. Paramagnetic Substance
Which are attracted only slightly by a strong magnetic field

Example: aluminum 3. Diamagnetic

Are slightly repelled by magnetic field

Example: copper or alloys

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Permeance or Permeability characteristics which determine the magnetic properties of materials. Permeability
refers to the ability of various materials to accept or allow magnetic lines of force to exist in them. The ratio of flux density to the magnetizing force Is a measure of the ease with which will permit the passage of magnetic flux.

(Ferromagnetic materials have very high permeability) Permeability of materials can be compared to the conductor in a circuit. 35

What is Magnetism?
The property of a certain materials which causes them to attract pieces of IRON, Steel or nickel, cobalt. Magnetic (Lodestone) exhibit the property of magnetism (natural magnet) This type of magnet is not of little important in industrial.

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Magnetic Quantities Flux

the complete magnetic field of a coil or a magnet total lines of a magnetic force around a magnet

Flux density
is a measure of the number of lines of force per unit area. The unit of flux density is Tesla (T)

Example: 50 lines of flux are shown in an area of 1m2 Therefore 50 teslas (lines of flux/m2)
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Magnetic Density The number of lines of magnetic force passing through a magnet or magnetic field per unit area of cross section. Magnetic field The region surrounding a magnet through which magnetic force act Lines of lines near the poles of a magnet is increased, these lines, becomes weaker till disappears Magnetic Flux The average field intensity of a magnet multiplied by its area. Flux = flux density x area
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Magnetic strength
The number of lines of force per unit of cross sectional area.

Magnetic Retentivity
Ability to retain parts of magnetism after magnetism force has been withdrawn.

Hysteresis
The logging of magnetism in a magnetic metal, behind the magnetizing flux which produces it. Is due to the friction between molecules of IRON or other magnetic substance which require energy to change their position. This energy is converted to heat (hysterisis loss)
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Magnetic lines of Force

Imaginary lines that indicate the direction of force in the vicinity of a magnetic poles.

MagnetoMagneto-motive Force
The force generated by a magnet which produces magnetic lines

MMF is measured in Ampere turn which is generated in electromagnets

AT I flowing through the coil multiplied by the number of turns of coil (N)

AT = I (current) x # of turns of coil (N)

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Reluctance in the Reciprocal of Permeability Reluctance

The opposition to the passage of lines of force in a magnetic circuit Compared to Resistance to the flow of current in electric circuit

Magnetic Saturation
When magneto-motive force is immediately magnetoacquire magnetic properties The greater applied that are acquired, after a material acquired certain amount of magnetism, and further application of MMF will result in slightly increase in magnetism.
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Residual Magnetism
All materials retain some degree of magnetism after MMF that produce magnetism is removed. It is the magnetism remains after MMF is removed Residual magnetism is very low for easily magnetized materials (SOFT IRON) & High for alloy

Coercive Force
The magnetizing force which is use to demagnetize a magnetic materials

MagnetoMagneto-motive Force
Exerted per unit length of magnetic materials (Magnetizing Force)

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Factors Influencing the Strength of the Magnetic Field of Solenoid

1.

The number of turns on the solenoid The value of current which flows The material of the core
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2.

3.

The move turns there are in a solenoid, the greater the strength of magnetic field The greater current flow, the stronger the magnetic field The magnetic core will increase strength of magnetic field Example: strength of air-core solenoid will airincrease by a factor of several thousand inserting a SOFT IRON CORE

Why:


Because AIR is non-magnetic substance has nonpermeability (magnetic materials).

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