Social Organization and the Theory of Social Order

- Social organization is the study of the structure, formal and informal, of society, and thus it is one of the core fields of sociology.

Areas of Concern
Institution and Groups Formation and Change Manner of Functioning Relation to individuals and to each other Specific Institution

Specific Institution:

 Refers to the ways in which members of a society influence one another so as to maintain social order. People develop mutual expectations for each others behaviour, which, in the course of time, become crystallized into customs and traditions collectively called the culture of the society.

SOCIAL CONTROL

AREAS OF CONCERN
INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
1.1 mores and folkways 1.2 expectations not written down but perceived and made known to him 1.3 the pressure to conform that is strongly emphasized 1.4 internalizing the values and attitudes of the family 1.5 desire for acceptance of the bigger group

FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

2.1 passage of law 2.2 formal mechanism to maintain control over the behaviour of its members 2.3 tendency to level an individual who is out of line and gossip 2.4 curbing of anti-social attitudes by disallowing privacy or ascribing undesirable statuses to deviants

 Study of technical inventions Analysis of cultural diffusion and culture conflict Investigation of social movement

SOCIAL PROCESS
Some sociologist have noted that social change occurs in a limited number of uniform patterns and various efforts have been made to describe these patterns and to use them to interpret social behaviour

Competition An impersonal attempts to gain scarce and valued resources of wealth, land etc. and the consequences of this in stratification, physical separation, and so on.

Conflict - Involves the use of deliberate power( to place one group people, and its belief system, over another

 Accommodation - Is the conscious adjustment and compromise among conflicting groups so they can live with one another without over conflict. Assimilation - Is the learning and acceptance by one group of the beliefs and values of another groups so that they gradually become virtually indistinguishable.

TYPES OF GROUPS
INTEGRATED GROUP - The members have common action in shared meanings and values.

 CROWD - Members act together on the basis of a shared emotion or feelings as in religious revival meeting, revolutionary mob, a football rally, lynching party or a panic.

 AUDIENCE OR MASS - Members act together on the basis of a common attitudes without interaction among the members.

 PUBLIC - This refers a number of people in some form of communication with each other who have a common interest, which they talk about and consider the merits and demerits of, but do not necessarily come to a common agreement.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS
The study of social conditions which cause difficulties for a large member of persons and which the society is seeking to eliminate has always formed a central interest.

Narcotics Addiction

THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL

There are large gaps between the values of most teachers and the value of many children in public schools, from building to its textbook.
- The middle class school atmosphere is much more natural to middle class children. That means, that lower-class children will have difficult social time of it. They can expect to be rejected and looked down upon by both middle class children and their own lower class peers who admire middle-class greatly, and to have to endure this treatment in a middle class setting. Further, if they manage to learn and adopt middle class ways, they may be scorned by their families and communities for Putting on airs or trying to make it up the social ladder. - The lower class is damned if he doesnt with respect to middle class aspirations. Thus, good principles of sound education must reach well beyond class influences to the nature of the human child who is being taught.

 If educators are to apply principles of behaviour control effectively and democratically, they must thoroughly examine the reinforcement systems and schedules operating in their own school. They must also examine the school modeling opportunities, real and potential.

ADLERIAN CONCEPTS
Ghumans as goal seeking creatureH
Human realize that they lack the physical strength of many other species

because of inferior physical abilities, people tend to develop feelings of psychological inferiority
Humans, then, exist in a state in which feelings of inferiority and helplessness are ever present.

 People try to replace their sense of inferiority with feelings of psychological strength.

ADLERIAN THEORY

- believed that people strive to become better or more perfect than the inferior The overall goal sought by people is to creature they rid themselves of feelings of inferiority perceived and to become stronger and more perfect themselves to be.

Life Style
 An individual style of striving for a goal. goal. A persons characteristic style of striving affects the way in which he or she reacts to problems encountered in daily life. life.  A style of striving to overcome feelings of inferiority also develops of how the child interprets his or her experiences. Adlerian idea is that people experiences. are active in their own development. development.  People are more than passive recipients of stimulation. stimulation. They actively create their own style of striving. striving.

 Adlerians believe that humans are primarily social beings and that achieving feeling of psychological strength is best done by working and cooperating with others (Adler 1964). Individual 1964) actions affect the society benefits; and when people benefits; refuse to work together, the society suffers. suffers.  A person has a sense of belonging to the group, that is, he or she really feels a vital part of the group and realizes his or her rule in the groups functioning. functioning. Consequently, a person with a high degree of social interest is willing to cooperate with other group members and contributes to the functioning of the group. group.

Social Interest

 People who do not show social interest tend to do things that benefit themselves but not necessarily other group members. members. They also tend to be high competitive. competitive.

Social Interest

 Social interest is influenced by the child heredity (Mead, 1976). Adlerians believe that a childs 1976) characteristics affect the reaction of others to him or her, which in turn affects how a child feels about the self. self. The literature cited in chapter 7 on the development of self esteem supports the Adlerian idea that opinions of significant adults have an impact on the formation of a childs level of self esteem. Adults who esteem. views child as competent or attractive communicate their opinion to the child, who eventually internalizes the adults opinion. The child begins to view himself or opinion. herself similarly on the other hand, adult might view a child as an attractive or incompetent. These opinions, incompetent. too, are communicated to the child, who internalizes them and forms an unfavorable opinion of himself or herself. herself.

Social Interest

Social Interest
 Social interest is influenced by the childs environment. environment. The capacity for developing social interest is present in all children but does not develop automatically. automatically.

 Social interest is influenced by a childs perception of himself and interactions with the environment (Mead 1976) 1976). Adlerians believe that children are not just victims of circumstances, while each child has a certain genetic inheritance and exists in a certain atmosphere. atmosphere.