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Communication
Member of Group
Harry Suryani Intan Yuanita Nurliza Permata Sari Siti Robiah
Effective communication consists of transmitting an accurate message to the proper recipient at the appropriate time in manner that conserves the senders and receivers energy, followed by checking to ensure that the intended message was received.
Message
Channel
Receiver
Source
The source or initiator characteristics that influence effectiveness are: Communication skill Knowledge Attitudes Cultural background
Message
The message effectiveness are: Structure Content Code Treatment characteristics that determine
Channel
Of the following channels, one may be more effective than another for a particular communication: Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell
Receiver
Receiver characteristics that influence effectiveness are: Communication skills Knowledge Attitudes Cultural background
Drucker (1974)
Drucker argued that the receiver is the most important element in the foregoing four step communication requires a sharing of experience between message sender and receiver.
Sender
noise
Message
noise
Receive
Feedback
Dance (1967)
The key principles for effective communication of work related information: 1. Communication is a process, rather than a single event. 2. The communication process is frequently impaired by noise (unintended additions, distortions, or deletions of message content), a problem that can be eliminated by feedback, which clarifies the receivers perceptions of transmitted symbols. 3. Communication is intrapersonal as well as interpersonal. 4. Communication is nonverbal as well as verbal. Nonverbal communication gesture, posture, facial expression, bodily movement, position relative to other, clothing, grooming, accoutrements.
Tuckman (1965)
The group communication process as consisting of four stages: 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing
Forming Stage
In the forming stage, members communicate to decide who is to lead the group and what tasks the group is to accomplish.
Storming Stage
In the storming stage, conflict develops, as members discuss what work rule will govern them and which member will be responsible for each task.
Norming Stage
In the norming stage, members achieve cohesion and relief at overcoming their earlier conflict.
Performing Stage
In the performing stage, members carry out their assigned tasks while communicating commitment to group goals and to one another.
Communication Principles
The following principles are useful in determining the content and media of the managers written and spoken communications with care givers: Workers tend to see and hear messages that are compatible with their expectations and predispositions. Workers who read about a topic are more inclined to listen to a message on the same topic. The effectiveness of different media varies with the workers education level. The higher the education, the greather the reliance on print. The lower the education, the greater the reliance on aural and pictorial media.
The more trustworthy or prestigous the communicators, the less manipulative he is considered to be by message receivers Majority opinion is more effective in changing worker attitudes than expert opinion Communication of facts is usually innefective in changing opinios against a workers strong disposition Workers with low self-esteem are more likely to be influenced by persuasive communication than those with high self-esteem
INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS
According to berne, each person enganges in transactions with others to obtain strokes. A transaction consist of some sort of stimulus by one person, followed by some sort response by another. A stroke is a positive or negative unit of recognition between people: a word, phase, gesture, or facial expression. The following are positive stroke: a smile, pleasant greeting, compliment, pat on the back, letter of comendation, or pay raise. Some examples of negative strokes are: a frown, insul, reprimand, shove, or disciplinary letter.
A ritual is a socially programmed performance by several persons in whic each regulates his or her involvement with the group. Some common rituals are church services, cocktail parties, club meetings, birthday celebrations, and perfunctory sexual performaces.
Life Positions
According to harris, each person relates to others from one of four life positions (harris 1969) 1. I'm Not OK, you're OK This position results from the inferior position of the child relative to his parents and negative, feelings experienced during the parent's effort to civilize him or her. A person who retains this inferior position through out life engages in game playing to obtain strokes and maintain security. 2. I'm Not OK, you're Not OK This position results when the not ok child is abandoned by a cold and uncaring parent during the second year of life. The lack of stroking that produce this life position interferes with development of the adult state, so the person's hold on reality is tenuous.
3. I'm OK, you are not OK This life position develops in the child who is brutalized by his or her parents and survives. The person believes that he can be OK if his or her parents will only of him or her alone. This position has an internal parent who permits him or her to treat others cruelly, that is has psychopathic tendencies. 4. I'm OK, you're OK An uncaring or a brutal parent converts the child to the second or third life position respectively. Once a child has selected a life position, he or she operates from that position throughout life, unless he or she consciously adopts the fourth life position. Transactional analysis enables a person to identify the ego state from which he to adopt and motivates him or her to adopt the I'm OK you're OK position.
Nurses often experience transactional problems with physicians. In American society physicians have higher social status and greater personal authority than nurses. Consequently there is a tendency for physicians to address nurses in a controlling or critical manner and nurses to respond in a petulant. To maintain complementary transactions at this point, a nurse should shift from the nurturing parent to adult state interactions with the patient. Knowledge transactional analyses enables a manager to modify coworkers behavior to improve communication and increase productivity. A manager also needs an understanding of ego states to interpret and modify her or his own responses to patients and coworkers. In formation from the critical parent produces the compulsions and quirks that are responsible for each manager.
One function of the adult state is to check the suitability of the old parent and child state data for the person's current life situation. A nurse manager may be unsuccessful because he or she follows a negative life script like ''sisyphus''. A manager may be successful, because he or she follows a positive life script like Florence . Thus transactional analysis can strengthen a person's adult ego state, thereby improving reality testing, outcome prediction, and decision effectiveness.
Communication levels
Klatt (1978) differentiates among four levels of communication in an organization. Top level a broadcast system distributes the same message in non personal fashion to all agency employees. The media used in the formal information system include video scream and computer print out messages, printed reports , telephone messages, graphs, and some conversational interchange. At third level of organizational communications that provide amplification, classification and feedback for the broadcast and formal information system. To enhance effectiveness of any level of organizational communication, managers must strengthen both in formational and relational aspects of the process.
Three mall-scale change efforts may minimize the frequency or severity of the double-bind phenomenon in a nursing organization. 1.Defuse negative feelings by training employees in metacommunication skills or means of talking about the nature of double bind. 2.Decrease role ambiguity by training managers to construct explicit statements of role expectations for new employees. 3.Schedule frequent recreational and social events to provide opportunities for employees to express their emotional, irrational side.
Documentation of Care
Nurses documentation of care is often incomplete or inaccurate and is likely to be undervalued by nurses and other health professionals (Steckel 1976: Walker and Semanoff, 1964) Documentation of nursing actions and conclusions are probably nurses most important written communication. All health agencies establish formal policies governing time, content, nature, terminology, and form for nurses recorded observations diagnoses, interventions, and evaluations
Managers find much of the information in these computerized reports irrelevant and distracting, because it relates to matter over which they have no control
Summary
The nurse managers principal activity is to communicate information, ideas, opinion, attitudes, and feelings to others to facilitate work, increase motivation, effect change, optimize care, increase satisfaction, and facilitate cooperation. Effective communication requires accurate perception and clear transmission of intended messages. A manager needs high-level listening, speaking, and writing skills. Techniques of message capping, transactional analysis and script analysis are helpful in clarifying covert messages transmitted by coworkers