DEDUCTIVE INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL

What is Deductive Reasoning?  A type of logic in which one goes from a general statement to a specific instance.  commonly associated with formal logic.  involves reasoning from known premises, or premises presumed to be true, to a certain conclusion.  the conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable.

 Deductive reasoning is commonly found in the natural sciences or hard sciences, less so in everyday arguments. Occasionally, everyday arguments do involve deductive reasoning: Deductive reasoning is when you start from things you assume to be true, and draw conclusions that must be true if your assumptions are true.

Syntax for Deductive Reasoning Model 1. State a theory or generalization to be tested. 2. Form a hypothesis in the form of a prediction. 3. Observe or collect data to test the hypothesis. 4. Analyze and interpret the data to determine if the prediction is true. 5. Conclude whether the generalization holds true in the specific context from which it was taken.

Advance Organizer Model

David Paul Ausubel (1918 2008) was an American psychologist born in New York. His most significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, and science education learning, was on the development and research on advance organizers.

He wrote;
First, organizers provide advance ideational scaffolding. Second, they provide the learner with a generalized overview of all the major similarities and differences between the two bodies of ideas before he encounters the new concepts individually in more detailed and particularized form. Finally, they create an advance set in the learner to perceive similarities and differences by avoiding overly explicit specification, encourage him actively to make his own differentiations in terms of his own particular source of confusion.

Advance Organizer Model

- are verbal statements at the beginning of a lesson that preview and structure new material and link it to the content students already understand. - are like cognitive roadmaps that allow students to see where they have been and where they are going. - is a deductive information of teaching model designed to teach interrelated bodies of content and generalizations.

ype of Organizers
Expository organizers
- These organizers provide a basic concept at the highest level of abstraction and perhaps lesser concepts.

Comparative organizers
- These organizers are used with relatively familiar material.

Expository organizers
Hierarchy

Concept Mapping

KWHL

Comparative organizers
Double cell diagram

Venn Diagrams

Comparison Matrix

Significance of Advance Organizer

 these are highly inclusive concepts that serve as an ideal scaffolding and un umbrella into which more detailed information is incorporated as learning processes.  provide a conceptual framework.  facilitate learning.  pursue the purpose of giving students needed background information for the upcoming lesson.  act as a kind of conceptual bridge between the new and old information.

Problem solving

Problem-solving is the ability to identify and solve problems by applying appropriate skills systematically. Problem-solving is a processan ongoing activity in which we take what we know to discover what we don't know. It involves overcoming obstacles by generating hypo-theses, testing those predictions, and arriving at satisfactory solutions.

the following worthwhile-problem criteria: