Long Term Evolution

Poonam Bhagat M.E Computer

What is LTE?
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution LTE is a next generation broadband network technology beyond 3G developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Promises data transfer rates of 100Mbps Based on UMTS 3G technology Optimized for All-IP traffic
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Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

1 Gbps 115 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 14.4 Kbps

Why LTE?
Packet Switched data is becoming more and more dominant VoIP is the most efficient method to transfer voice data Amount of data is continuously growing Need for higher data rates at lower cost Users demand better quality to accept new services LTE will enhance the system to satisfy these requirements.
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LTE Performance requirements

Data Rate: Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz downlink (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz) Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplink (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz) Cell range: 5 km - optimal size 30km sizes with reasonable performance up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance Cell capacity: up to 200 active users per cell(5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)
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Contd
Mobility higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance. Optimized for low mobile speed from 0-15 km/h. Latency user plane < 5ms control plane < 50 ms Complexity Minimize the number of options No redundant mandatory feature
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Advantages of LTE for Network Operator

High network throughput Increased data transfer speed Provides Low latency Most Cost effectiveness Simplified upgrade path from 3G networks

Advantages of LTE for End Users

Faster data downloads/uploads Improved response for applications Improved end-user experience

LTE Technologies
Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink Uses Single Carrier -Frequency Division Multiple Access (SCFDMA) for uplink Uses Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Uses System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

OFDM
LTE uses OFDM for the downlink from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multicarrier transmission. In the frequency domain, the spacing between the subcarriers, f, is 15kHz.The cyclic prefix is used to maintain orthogonality between the sub-carriers even for a timedispersive radio channel.

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OFDM Signal

The diagram illustrates the key features of an OFDM signal in frequency and time. In the frequency domain, multiple adjacent subcarriers are each independently modulated with data. Then in the time domain, guard intervals are inserted between each of the symbols to prevent inter-symbol interference at the receiver end. 11

SCSC-FDMA
The LTE uplink transmission scheme for TDD mode is based on SC-FDMA from the terminal to base station The SC-FDMA signal appears to be more like a single-carrier (hence the SC in the SC-FDMA name) with each data symbol being represented by one wide signal. SC-FDMA grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance.

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SCSC-FDMA Signal

After SC-FDMA symbol period has elapsed, the CP is inserted and the next four symbols are transmitted in series. The CP is shown as a gap; however, it is actually filled with a copy of the end of the next symbol, which means that the transmission power is 13 continuous but has a phase discontinuity at the symbol boundary.

MIMO
MIMO systems form an essential part of LTE in order to achieve the requirements for throughput and spectral efficiency. MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface. MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data rate and cell capacity. MIMO can also implement beam-forming to further increase available data rates and spectrum efficiency

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Advanced Antenna Techniques

Single data stream / user Beam-forming  Coverage, longer battery life Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)  Multiple users in same radio resource Multiple data stream / user Diversity  Link robustness Spatial multiplexing  Spectral efficiency, high data rate support
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SAE
System Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's future LTE wireless communication standard. The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include : A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies IP-based protocols on all interfaces Simplified network architecture All IP network All services are via Packet Switched domain
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LTE and SAE

MME Mobility Management Entity UPE User Plane Entity AS Access System Red indicates new functional element / interface

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Contd

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Contd

Provides the user plane with Related control & mobility Support between MME/UPE & 3GPP anchor

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Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

MME (Mobility Management Entity):  Manages and stores the UE control plane context, generates temporary Id, provides UE authentication, authorization, mobility management UPE (User Plane Entity):  Manages and stores UE context, ciphering, mobility anchor, packet routing and forwarding, initiation of paging
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Contd
3GPP anchor:  Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE SAE anchor:  Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non 3GPP (I-WLAN, etc)

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LTE Radio Frame Structure Type -1

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

For the frame structure type 1 is defined for FDD mode., the radio frame 10 msec long and radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5 ms. A subframe consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains ten subframes. (Ts is expressing the basic time unit corresponding to 30.72 22 MHz).

Frame Structure Type -2

Frame structure type 2 is defined for TDD mode. This example is for 5 ms switch-point periodicity and consists of two 5 ms halfframes for a total duration of 10 ms. Subframes consist of either an uplink or downlink transmission or a special subframe containing the downlink and uplink pilot timeslots (DwPTS and UpPTS) separated by a transmission gap guard 23 period (GP).

Contd
The allocation of the subframes for the uplink, downlink and special subframes is determined by one of seven different configurations. Subframes 0 and 5 are always downlink transmissions, subframe 1 is always a special subframe, and subframe 2 is always an uplink transmission. The composition of the other subframes varies depending on the frame configuration. For a 5 ms switch-point configuration, subframe 6 is always a special subframe as shown in Figure. With 10 ms switch-point periodicity, there is only one special subframe per 10 ms frame.

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Resource Grid for Uplink & Dwlink

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Contd
A resource element is the smallest unit in the physical layer and occupies one OFDM or SC-FDMA symbol in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. A resource block (RB) is the smallest unit that can be scheduled for transmission. An RB physically occupies 0.5 ms (1 slot) in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers per RB and the number of symbols per RB vary as a function of the cyclic prefix length and subcarrier spacing,

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LTE Downlink Channels

Transport channels The number of transport channels has been reduced to reduce complexity of the LTE protocol architecture.This is mainly due to the focus on shared channel operation, i.e. no dedicated channels are used any more. Logical channels Logical channels can be classified in control and traffic channels.
 Control Channels (for the transfer of control plane

information only) only)

 Traffic Channels (for the transfer of user plane information

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Contd
Downlink transport channels are Broadcast Channel (BCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Multicast Channel (MCH)

   

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Contd
Control Channels are: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)

    

Traffic channels are:  Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)  Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)

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Contd
     

Downlink Physical Channels are: Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

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LTE Downlink Channels

Paging Control Channel

Paging Channel

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

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LTE Uplink Channels

Uplink transport channels are:  Random Access Channel (RACH)  Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) Control Channels are:  Common Control Channel (CCCH)  Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Traffic Channels are:  Dedicated Traffic channel (DTCH)
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Contd
Uplink Physical Channels are:  Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)  Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)  Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

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LTE Uplink Channels

Random Access Channel

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

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LTE Architecture

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eNB Functions
Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both UL and DL (scheduling); IP header compression and encryption of user data stream; Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the information provided by the UE; Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (from the MME); Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (from the MME or O&M); Measurement and reporting for mobility and scheduling.
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MME Functions
NAS (Non-Access Stratum) Comprises the protocols which operate between UE and the Core Network (CN) signalling and NAS signalling security Inter core network node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks Idle mode UE Reachability (including control and execution of paging retransmission) Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode) Packet Data Network (PDN) GW and Serving GW selection SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks Roaming Authentication
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S1 and X2
   

     

X2 user plane Non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDU sIP transport GTP-U on top of UDP/IP X2 control plane Guaranteed delivery of control plane PDU s SCTP on top of IP for improved reliability of application layer messaging S1 key functions Inter-3GPP-RAT Handovers Intra LTE Handovers Initial context setup, modification and release initiated by MME Security and roaming UE capability and identification Paging

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LTE Protocol Stack

Data Flow through the UE LTE stack PHY function

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Control Plane Protocol Stack

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Contd
The main services and functions of PDCP for the control plane include: -Ciphering and Integrity Protection Transfer of control plane data between RRC and RLC layers.

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User Plane Protocol Stack

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Contd
IP packets are passed through multiple protocol entities: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)  IP header compression based on Robust Header Compression (ROHC)  ciphering and integrity protection of transmitted data Radio Link Control (RLC) segmentation/concatenation retransmission handling in-sequence delivery to higher layers Error Correction through ARQ
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Contd
Medium Access Control (MAC)  Mapping between upper layers and PHY  handles hybrid-ARQ retransmissions  uplink and downlink scheduling at the eNodeB Physical Layer (PHY) coding/decoding modulation/demodulation (OFDM) multi-antenna mapping other typical physical layer functions
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Security features in the LTE-SAE Network LTEFive security feature groups: Network access security  provides users with secure access to services  protects against attacks on the access interface Network domain security  enables nodes to exchange signalling- & user- data securely  protects against attacks on the wire line network User domain security  Provides secure access to mobile stations

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Contd
Application domain security  enables applications in the user & provider domains to exchange messages securely Visibility and configurability of security  allows the users to learn whether a security feature is in operation

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LTE Future and Uses

LTE offers a superior combination of network performance & cost savings for meeting future demand for mobile & data services. Mass deployment to begin around 2012. Devices which are covered under LTE areMobile phones, laptops, cameras etc. Assured interoperability with older wireless Technologies such as GSM, CDMA.

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