Types of Oil and Gas reservoirs

Phase Diagram (Basic Concepts)

Pressure Single phase liquid Single phase Gas

gas Temperature

Black Oil

Volatile Oil
Pressure path in reservoir Critical 1 point

Pressure path in reservoir Pressure, psia Critical point Black Oil

2 Dewpoint line Pressure Volatile oil

% Liquid

% Liquid

33

Separator

Separator

The Five Reservoir Fluids

Pressure path in reservoir 1

Temperature, F

Temperature

Pressure path in reservoir 1 Retrograde gas 2

Pressure path in reservoir 1

Pressure

Pressure

Pressure

Wet gas

Critical point % Liquid

Dry gas

Critical point 3

% Liquid 2

% Liquid 2

Separator Temperature

Separator Temperature

Separator Temperature

Retrograde Gas

Wet Gas

Dry Gas

Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Fluid properties, why?

      

To estimate hydrocarbons in place and reserves To understand reservoir processes To predict reservoir behavior To understand well-flow performance To design proper surface facilities Contracting Marketing

Five General Reservoir Fluid Types

    

Black Oils Volatile Oils Retrograde Gas-Condensates Wet Gases Dry Gases The basic principles of waterflooding apply to both oil types (black & volatile) Modeling volatile oil phase behavior is more complicated than that of black oils

Typical Hydrocarbon Mixture Compositions (mol %)

Component Dry Gas C1 96.30 3.00 C2 0.40 C3 0.07 i-C4 0.10 n-C4 0.02 i-C5 0.02 n-C5 0.02 C6 0.00 C7+ Wet Retrograde Volatile Gas Gas Cond. Oil 88.7 72.7 66.7 10.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.5 2.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.2 5.0 0.2 11.0 Black Oil 52.6 5.0 3.5 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 27.9

plus inorganics: N2, CO2, H2O, H2S

Field Identification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Gas > 3200 Wet Gas > 15,000* Dry Gas 100,000*

Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, rAPI Color of StockTank Liquid

< 45 Dark

> 40

> 40

Up to 70

No Liquid No Liquid

Colored

Lightly Colored

Water White

*For Engineering Purposes

Phase Diagram (Basic Concepts)

Pressure Single phase liquid Single phase Gas

gas Temperature

PVT tests to build a phase diagram

Phase Diagram (Basic Definitions)

Definitions:

Pressure

liquid

1. Bubble-point line: the point where the first bubble is formed during pressure decrease at constant temperature. 2. Dew-point line: the point where the first liquid drop is formed during pressure increase at constant temperature. Note: Pure-component system can be regarded as a special case of two-component system where two-phase region shrinks to form a line. Critical point: the point where the bubble-point line meets the dew-point line

100% liquid (0% gas)

60% 80% 40% 20% 0% liquid (100% gas)

gas Temperature

Pressure Temperature Plane

Phase Diagram (Basic Definitions)

Definitions:
Pressure liquid

Cricondenbar: the pressure above which two phases can no longer exist. Cricondentherm: the temperature above which two phases do not exist. Additional points:

gas

Temperature

Basic definitions (cont.)

Path A Path B

Definitions: Retrograde condensation: phenomenon that the dew point line is crossed (i.e., from gas phase to liquid) as pressure decreases rather than increases. Because this is the reverse of normal behaviour, it is called retro.

Pressure

liquid

Retrograde condensation
gas Temperature

Reservoir Classification


Oil reservoir
In general Tres<Tc of reservoir fluid

Gas reservoir
In general, Tres>Tc of reservoir fluid (hydrocarbon systems)

Classification of petroleum fluids/reservoirs gas gas-condensate volatile oil conventional oil heavy oil gas-oil oil-gas gas-condensate-oil WOC water-oil contact GWC GOC Thick gas-condensate-oil reservoirs without GOC

Reservoir Classification


Oil reservoir
In general Tres<Tc of reservoir fluid

Gas reservoir
In general, Tres>Tc of reservoir fluid (hydrocarbon systems)

Oil Reservoir


Under-saturated oil reservoir

initial reservoir pressure, pi > the bubble-point pressure, pb of the reservoir fluid

Saturated oil reservoir

pi = pb

Gas-cap reservoir or two phase reservoir

pi < pb

Note The appropriate quality line gives the ratio of volume of liquid (oil) to volume of gas

Gas Reservoir
Dry gas reservoir
initial reservoir temperature higher than cricondentherm temperature (light components) even at low pressure (separator) and temperature, fluid is 100% gas


Wet gas reservoir

initial reservoir temperature higher than cricondentherm temperature But even at low pressure (separator) and temperature, some gas condensate to liquid

Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir

Reservoir temperature lies between Tc and Tcri (Tc<Tr<Tcr)

Near critical gas-condensate

Reservoir temperature is nearly equal to critical temperature of fluid (Tr ~Tc)

Black Oil

Volatile Oil
Pressure path in reservoir Critical 1 point

Pressure path in reservoir Pressure, psia Critical point Black Oil

2 Dewpoint line Pressure Volatile oil

% Liquid

% Liquid

33

Separator

Separator

The Five Reservoir Fluids

Pressure path in reservoir 1

Temperature, F

Temperature

Pressure path in reservoir 1 Retrograde gas 2

Pressure path in reservoir 1

Pressure

Pressure

Pressure

Wet gas

Critical point % Liquid

Dry gas

Critical point 3

% Liquid 2

% Liquid 2

Separator Temperature

Separator Temperature

Separator Temperature

Retrograde Gas

Wet Gas

Dry Gas

P-T diagram
Phase behavior: description of equilibria between the phases as P, V, and T of the system changes
Critical point Pc Pressure

Tc temperature

Single-component system

Two-component system

Two-component system

Multi-component system

Dynamic phase behavior

Dry-gas reservoir

Wet-gas reservoir

Retrograde-gas condensate reservoir

Volatile-oil reservoir

Black-oil reservoir

Summary

Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)



Oil formation volume factor, Bo = (reservoir oil volume)/(stock tank volume)

As the reservoir pressure increases:  Bo increases to a maximum value at the bubble point (Pb). this is due to increasing gas volumes being condensed in the liquid


Once the bubble point is reached, the liquid volume decreases with increasing pressure single phase compressible liquid

Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Solution Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs)



The solution gas oil ratio (Rs) represents the solubility of gas in oil. Rs = (solution gas volume)/(stock tank volume of oil)

As the reservoir pressure increases:  Rs increases to a maximum value at the bubble point (Pb). increasing gas volumes are condensed in the liquid


Once the bubble point is reached, the value of Rs remains constant with increasing pressure.

Solution Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs)

Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)



The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as the volume of gas in the reservoir divided by the volume of solution gas at standard conditions. Bg = (reservoir gas volume)/(standard conditions gas volume). SI units are usually m3/ m3, while oilfield units are reservoir barrels/thousand standard ft3.

Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor (Bt)



Bt is the total volume that would be occupied if all of the liberated solution gas remained in the reservoir: Bt = Bo + Bg(Rsi Rs) Rsi is the initial solution gas-oil ratio Above the bubble point (Pb) the solution gas-oil ratios are the same (Rsi = Rs); Bt = Bo Below the bubble point, the gas-oil ratio (Rs) is less than its initial value (Rsi)

Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor (Bt)

Bt

Bo

Viscosity Shear stress

FT X! , A M ?X A ! 2 , T L kg ?X A ! 2 ! Pa sm

FT (v dv !Q !Q X! (h A dh ?Q A ! ?

?Q A ! ?

Textbooks: viscosity of gas, oil, water, gas-condensate, volatile oil, heavy oil Relations between cp and Pa*s

Oil, Gas & Water Viscosities



Changes in oil viscosity can have a significant effect upon waterflood performance. Given decreasing pressure, oil viscosity decreases slightly (to the bubble point), then increases significantly as the lighter components of the gas are removed from the oil. The gas & water viscosities seldom vary enough to impact waterflood behavior.

Oil Viscosity

Compressibility
C! 1 xV * V xp

If compressibility is roughly constant, volume at any pressure can be obtained in terms of original pressure and temperature
(V V ! Vi  * (p (p 1 (V ! Vi 1  * * (p V (p i ! Vi   c(p 1 where (p ! p - pi

Formation/Rock Compressibility
Reservoir engineers are most concerned with pore volume compressibility
c f ! crock ! c phi ! 1 x PV * PV xp

The change in pore volume with pressure is usually due to compaction.

Oil Compressibility
above the bubble point: below the bubble point:
co !  1 Bo xB * o xp T

1 xBo Bg xRSO  * coa !  * Bo xp Bo xp

Coa represents the apparent oil compressibility Below the bubble point the oil compressibility actually has two terms, the compressibility of the oil itself (without any changes in solution gas content) and the swelling effect introduced by condensing additional light ends into the liquid phase with increasing pressure.

Water & Gas Compressibility

Since gas can be dissolved in water, a similar result holds for water compressibility:

cwa

1 xBw Bg xRSW ! *  * Bw xp Bw xp

Gas compressibility is represented by the following equation: 1 1 xZ cg !  * p Z xp

Total Compressibility
Total compressibility in a multi-phase system involves these apparent compressibilities:

Ct ! Ctotal ! C f  Coa v S o  C wa v S w  C g v S g where : C f is the rock compressibility C g is the gas compressibility So , Sg , S w are the oil, gas, and water saturations

Compressibility


Compressibility controls the behavior of a reservoir in the depletion phase. If a waterflood is maintained at a constant pressure, compressibility is of minimal importance; however . . . With gradually decreasing pressure, compressibility effects may occur due to development of gas caps compaction drive