Chapter

23

Alternating Current Circuits

Topics Covered in Chapter 23

23-1: AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance 23-2: Circuits with XL Alone 23-3: Circuits with XC Alone 23-4: Opposite Reactances Cancel 23-5: Series Reactance and Resistance
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Topics Covered in Chapter 23

 23-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance  23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance  23-8: Real Power  23-9: AC Meters  23-10: Wattmeters  23-11: Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits  23-12: Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits

McGraw-Hill

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2323-1: AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance

Fig. 23-1  In this figure, combinations of series and parallel resistances are shown.

 All voltages and currents throughout the resistive circuits are in phase.  There is no reactance to cause a lead or lag in either current or voltage.

2323-2: Circuits with XL Alone

Fig. 23-2  A series inductive circuit is shown in Fig. 23-2.

The ohms of XL are just as effective as ohms of R in limiting the current or producing a voltage drop.  XL has a phasor quantity with a 90 phase angle.

2323-2: Circuits with XL Alone



Fig. 23-3  A parallel inductive circuit is shown in Fig. 23-3.

 The ohms of XL are just as effective as ohms of R in limiting the current or producing a voltage drop.  XL has a phasor quantity with a 90 phase angle.

2323-3: Circuits with XC Alone

Fig. 23-4

Series XC
 Capacitive reactances are shown in Fig. 23-4

 Since there is no R or XL, the series ohms of XC can be combined directly.

2323-3: Circuits with XC Alone

Fig. 23-5

Parallel XC
 Capacitive reactances are shown in Fig. 23-5.

 Since there is no R or XL, parallel IC currents can be added.

2323-3: Circuits with XC Alone

XC and XL are phasor opposites.
R XL

XC

When analyzing series circuits: Opposite reactances in series must be subtracted.  If XL is larger, the net reactance is inductive.  If XC is larger, the net reactance is capacitive.

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2323-4: Opposite Reactances Cancel

 In a circuit with both XL and XC, the opposite phase

angles enable one to offset the effect of the other.  For XL and XC in series, the net reactance is the difference between the two series reactances.  In parallel circuits, the net reactive current is the difference between the IL and IC branch currents.

2323-4: Opposite Reactances Cancel

Fig. 23-6:

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2323-4: Opposite Reactances Cancel

Fig. 23-7:

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2323-5: Series Reactance and Resistance

 The resistive and reactive effects of series reactance    

and resistance must be combined by phasors. For series circuits, all the ohms of opposition are added to find ZT. First, add all series resistances for one total R. Combine all series reactances, adding all XLs and all XCs and finding X by subtraction. The total R and net X can be added by phasors to find the total ohms of opposition in the entire series circuit.

2323-5: Series Reactance and Resistance

Magnitude of ZT
 After the total R and net reactance X are found, they

can be combined by the formula

ZT = R2 + X2

2323-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance

 In parallel circuits, the branch currents for resistance

and reactance are added by phasors.  Then the total line current is found by
IT = IR 2 + IX 2

2323-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Parallel IC and IL are phasor opposites.
IC IR

IR

IL

 Opposite currents in parallel branches are subtracted.  If IL is larger, the circuit is inductive.  If IC is larger, the circuit is capacitive.

2323-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Parallel RCL Circuit Analysis
VA = 120 R = 30 IT = 5 A XC = 60 XL = 24

IT = IR2 + IX2 = 42 + 32 = 5A 2A 4A The circuit is inductive. 5A 4A 3A IT = 5 A

2323-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Parallel RCL Circuit Impedance

VA = 120

R = 30 ; IT = 5 A

XC = 60 ;

XL = 24 ;

4A ZEQ = 3A IT = 5 A VA IT = 120 5 = 24

2323-6: Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Parallel RCL Circuit Phase Angle
VA = 120 R = 30 ; IT = 5 A IX IR 37 3A 4A 3 4 XC = 60 ; XL = 24 ;

= Tan-1

= Tan1

= 37

IT = 5 A

23- Series23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Figure 23-12 shows how a series-parallel circuit can be reduced to a series circuit with just one reactance and one resistance. The triangle diagram in (d) shows total impedance Z (141 ).

Fig. 23-12:
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23- Series23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Waveforms and Phasors for a Series RCL Circuit
= 0r VR
AWH1

I VR R C I VC

I L = 90r VC VL = 90r

VL I

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Slide 20 AWH1 Author: For this & the three slides following, I am not sure where to place them. Please advise.
Amy Hill, 3/26/2006

23- Series23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Series RCL Circuit Analysis
20 V 4A L XL = 9 ; Z= R XNET 3;
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R=4; XC = 12 ; The net reactance is 3 ;, capacitive. 42 + 32 = 5 V Z 20 5

R2 + X2 =

4; I= Z=5;

=4A

23- Series23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Series RCL Circuit Phase Angle
20 V I L XL = 9 ;
Z=

R=4; XC = 12 ;

Z=5
Z=

Tan-1 X / R

The net reactance is 3 ;, capacitive. X = Tan1 R 3 4 = 37

Tan-1

XNET 3;

R 37

4; 5;

Note: Since the circuit is capacitive, the source voltage lags the source current by 37 degrees.

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23- Series23-7: Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance

Series RCL Voltage Drops
20 V 4A L XL = 9 R=4 XC = 12 VR = IR = 4 4 = 16 V VC = IXC = 4 12 = 48 V VL = IXL = 4 9 = 36 V

VC and VL are phasor opposites, so the net reactive voltage is the difference between the two or 12 V. R XNET 12 V
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16 V VT = 162 + 122 = 20 V

2323-8: Real Power

 In an ac circuit with reactance, the current I supplied

by the generator either leads or lags the generator voltage V.  The product VI is not the real power produced by the generator, since the instantaneous voltage may have a high value while at the same time the current is near zero, or vice versa.

2323-8: Real Power

 The real power in watts can always be calculated as

I2R, where R is the total resistive component of the circuit.  To find the corresponding value of power as VI, this product must be multiplied by the cosine of the phase angle . Then Real power = P = I2R or Real power = P = VI cos

2323-8: Real Power

Series RCL Circuit Power Dissipation
20 V 4A L XL = 9 ; P = V I Cos = 20 4 0.8 = 64 W R=4; XC = 12 ; Note: the power dissipation is zero in ideal capacitors and ideal inductors. All of the dissipation takes place in the circuits resistance.

P = I2R = 42 4 = 64 W 37r 4A 20 V The source voltage and source current are not in phase and the true power is not equal to VI. It is equal to VI power factor.

2323-8: Real Power

Parallel RCL Circuit Power Dissipation
VA = 120 R = 30 ; IT = 5 A P = V I Cos P= 37 4A V2 R = 120 5 0.8 = 480 W = 1202 30 = 480 W XC = 60 ; XL = 24 ;

3A

IT = 5 A

The source voltage and source current are not in phase and the true power is not equal to VI. It is equal to VI power factor.

2323-9: AC Meters
 An ac meter must produce deflection of the meter

pointer up-scale regardless of polarity.  This deflection is accomplished by one of the following methods for nonelectronic ac meters.
 Thermal type  Electromagnetic type  Rectifier type

 All analog ac meters (meters with scales and pointers)

have scales calibrated in rms values, unless noted otherwise on the meter.

2323-10: Wattmeters
 The wattmeter shown in Fig. 23-14, uses fixed coils to measure current in a circuit, and the moving coil measures voltage.  The deflection is proportional to power.  Either dc power or real ac power can be read directly by the wattmeter.
Fig. 23-14:
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2323-11: Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits

 Ohms of opposition limit the amount of current in dc    

circuits or ac circuits. Resistance is the same for either case. Ac circuits can have ohms of reactance because of the variations in alternating current or voltage. Reactance XL is the reactance of an inductor with sine-wave changes in current. Reactance XC is the reactance of a capacitor with sine-wave changes in voltage.

2323-12: Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits

Fig. 23-15

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