DR: SANIA KABTI

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The eye is present in the orbital cavity which is a protective bony socket for the globe together with the optic nerve, extra ocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels and lacrimal gland, these structures are surrounded by orbital fatty tissue.

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The Bony Orbit

Lt. orbit

Rt. orbit

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The eye is placed in the anterior part of the orbit , only the anterior part of the eye ball is exposed.

The globe moves within the orbital cavity as in a joint socket.

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The orbital cavity is shaped like a funnel that opens anteriorly and inferiorly.

The six extra ocular muscles originate at the apex of the funnel around the optic nerve and insert into the globe .
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The bony orbit consists of seven bones 1- Frontal 2- Ethmoidal 3- Lacimal 4- Sphenoid 5- Maxillary
3241-

6- Palatine 7- Zygomatic
5-

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The Bony Orbit

1243-

7-

5-

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The eye ball consists of 3 coats:

A)A)-The outer most coat:coat:

The sclera &The cornea

The sclera a protective fibrous , opaque white tissue forming 5/6 of the outer coat & The cornea the anterior transparent part of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil,which forms 1/6 of the outer coat.

Cornea

Sclera

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The outer most coat of the eye

Its function is the protection of the interior structures of the eye

Sclera
Cornea

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Choroid

B) -The middle coat:coat:

Uvea (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) is mainly vascular and nutritive function.
Iris Ciliary Body

C) - The innermost layer:layer: Retina

A) Neuro sensory retina receptive for visual impressions B) Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

Retina

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The exposed part of the eye ball consists of :

Conjunctiva

a) Bulbar : Covers the anterior part of the sclera b) Palpeberal : Lines the back surface of the eye lids

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Cornea : Central transparent structure Sclera : Opaque white portion of the eye. Limbus : Junction of the sclera with the cornea .

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Tenon capsule: Under the conjunctiva, covers the anterior part of the sclera.

The eye ball is protected anteriorly by the upper and lower lids.

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Chambers of the eye are three

1) The anterior chamber:

Between the posterior surface of the cornea and anterior surface of the iris ,communicates with the posterior chamber through the pupil, both anterior and posterior chambers contain aqueous humor which is secreted by the ciliary body.

2) Posterior chamber Small space between the iris and the lens. 3) The vitreous cavity The largest space ,between the lens and
the retina contains a jelly like structure called the vitreous body. SANIA
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Posterior chamber Anterior chamber

(2) (1)

Vitreous humour

(3)

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The lens:
-Transparent biconvex structure.

-Behind the iris. -Supported in position by the zonules or suspensory ligaments (series of fine fibers)which are attached to the lens and peripherally to ciliary body process.

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Poles, Axes ,Dimensions of the eye ball:

1- Anterior pole: is the center of curvature of the cornea. 2 -The posterior pole: is the center of the posterior curvature of the globe between the optic nerve and the macula. 3 - The antero- posterior axis: connects the two poles(24mm). 4 -The equator: encircles between the 2 poles. 5 - Vertical diameter: 23mm. 6 - Horizontal diameter: 23.5mm SANIA
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24 mm

The eye ball moves by 6 extra ocular muscles :-

4 Recti

SUPER IOR INFERIOR LATERAL MEDIAL S.O

M.R

S.R L.R

I.R

2 Obliques

SUPER IOR
INFERIOR I.O SANIA
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The recti muscles arise from the apex of the orbit & attached to the eye ball ( to the sclera). The muscles are innervated by 3rd , 4 th , 6 th cranial nerves that enter the apex of the orbit .

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Nerves to the eye

1- Motor: 3rd ,4th, 6th. Facial, sympathetic 3rd 4TH 6TH Facial MR, SR,IR, IO SO LR

Orbicularis oculi muscle & lacrimal gland Muller's muscle (lid) Dilator papillae muscle

Sympathetic

2 - Sensory: Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

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The Trigeminal Nerve (5th C.N) is the sensory nerve enters the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure at the orbital apex . The Optic nerve Passes through the optic foramen , connects the eye to the brain ( optic chiasm )

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Blood vessels of the eye

2 Systems:-The ciliary vessels -The retinal vessels Both derived from ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery)

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1- Ciliary system -Arteries

-Veins

Arteries: supplies the whole of the eye except the retina and part of
the optic nerve

2 Divisions:
Posterior ciliary arteries and Antrerior ciliary arteries

1-posterior: (short & long) a) Short posterior ciliary arteries: -About 20 branches -Perforate the sclera in a circular zone surrounding the optic nerve head mainly the sub macular region. SANIA
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Superior rectus muscle Superior oblique muscle Vortex vein

Medial rectus muscle

Long posterior ciliary arteries and nerves Lateral rectus muscle inferior oblique muscle

Optic nerve Short posterior ciliary artery

Inferior rectus muscle SANIA

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It Supplies

-The pial plexus of optic nerve

- Optic nerve head -Episclera -Sclera (posteriorly) -Terminate in the choroid up to the equator.

b) Long posterior ciliary arteries:

-Lateral and medial arteries

-Perforate the sclera in the horizontal meridian.

It Supplies:

-Iris -ciliary body -anterior part of choroid SANIA

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2-Anterior ciliary arteries:

7 Branches

It Supplies :

- Episclera - Sclera - Ciliary body - Anterior conjunctiva

The venous system:-Posterior vortex veins -Posterior ciliary veins -Anterior ciliary veins

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Posterior vortex veins: It drains

- Choroid - Most of ciliary body - Iris

Posterior ciliary veins:

Ciliary body anterior ciliary veins ophthalmic veins cavernous sinus.

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Vascular System Of The Eye Arterial System Ciliary

Psterior ciliary arteries Anterior ciliary arteries

Venous System

Retinal
CRA CRV

Posterior Psterior Vortex Vein Ciliary Vein

Anterior ciliary ciliary

Short 20 Branches

Long

7 Branches

Lateral

Medial

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The retinal vascular system

A) Central retinal artery: Supplies the inner retinal layers, the outer layers are supplied by diffusion from choriocapillaries. b) Central retinal vein To the ophthalmic vein or directly to the cavernous sinus.

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Eyelids and Eyelashes

The eye lid is a movable tissue, consists primarily of skin and muscle, that shields and protects the eyeball from mechanical injury and helps to provide the moist chamber essential for the normal functioning of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the visible portion of the eyeball except the cornea ,each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a tarsus, that gives it structure and shape; muscles, which move the eyelids; and meibomian (or tarsal) glands, which secrete lubricating fluids. SANIA
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 The eyelids serve to protect the eye from foreign matter, such as dust, dirt, and other debris, as well as bright light that might damage the eye. When you blink, the eyelids also help spread tears over the surface of eye, keeping the eye moist and comfortable.  The eyelashes help filter out foreign matter, including dust and debris, and prevent it from getting into the eye.

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The palpeberal fissure: The elliptical distance between the eye lids.

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The lacrimal system The lacrimal gland that is located underneath the outer portion of the upper eyelid. The lacrimal gland produces tears that help lubricate and moisten the eye, as well as flush away any foreign matter that may enter the eye. The tears drain away from the eye through the nasolacrimal duct, which is located at the inner corner of the eye.
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The lacrimal system Is composed of 2 parts

1) Secretary part:
Main lacrimal gland : Located in the upper outer portion of the orbit. Accessory lacrimal glands : in the conjunctiva.

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2 )Drainage system:
Puncti, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, inferior maetus.

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How the Human Eye Works

The human eye is like a camera. Light comes in through the cornea, the clear cover that is like the glass of a camera's aperture. The amount of light coming in is controlled by the pupil, an opening that opens and closes a little like a camera shutter. The light focuses on the retina, a series of light-sensitive cells lining the back of the eye. The retina acts like camera film, reacting to the incoming light and sending a record of it via the optic nerve to the brain.
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The eye is often compared to a camera. Each gathers light and then transforms that light into a picture. Both also have lenses to focus the incoming light. A camera uses the film to create a picture, whereas the eye uses a specialized layer of cells, called the retina, to produce an image.

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The aqueous humor :

Ciliary body Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Trabecular meshwork Canal of Through the pupil

filtration area located in the cornescleral junction Schlemme Venous circulation.

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Formation and function of aqueous humor:

a) Secretion: Diffusion & ultra filtration by the epithelium of the ciliary process. b) Function: 1-Maintenance of IOP 2-Nutrition and metabolism of the cornea and the lens (a vascular structures).

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Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP)

Normally between 10-20 mmHg

2 Factors for maintenance of IOP:

1-The rate of secretion of the aqueous . 2-The drainage of aqueous humor by trabecular meshwork, schlemms canal, to the anterior ciliary veins

2
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Normal

Glaucoma

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