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Granitic Rocks

(Chapter 18)

Image: http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/granite_crags/yosemite_watercolors.html

Granitoids
"Granitoids" (sensu lato): loosely applied to a wide range of felsic plutonic rocks A few broad generalizations:
1) Most granitoids of significant volume occur in areas where the continental crust has been thickened by orogeny, either continental arc subduction or collision of sialic masses. Many granites, however, may postdate the thickening event by tens of millions of years.
Image source: Winter, 2001

Granitoids
"Granitoids" (sensu lato): loosely applied to a wide range of felsic plutonic rocks A few broad generalizations: 2) Because the crust is solid in its normal state, a thermal disturbance is required to form granitoids 3) Most granitoids are derived by crustal anatexis, but that the mantle may also be involved as a source of heat for crustal anatexis, or a source of melt.

Image source: Winter, 2001

Granitoids
Petrographic characteristics of granitoid rocks
medium-to-coarsed grained rocks reflect slow cooling a volatiles. dominated by plagioclase (generally first), quartz and Kfeldspar Hornblende (brown to green) and biotite are the chief mafic minerals, and Al-in-hornblende geobarometer can yield P of crystallization. Muscovite may be present as melt phase or are a secondary mineral. Cpx may be found in the more mafic granitoids

Image source: Darrell Henry

Common minor minerals: apatite, zircon, magnetite, ilmenite, monazite, titanite, tourmaline, allanite, fluorite and pyrite

Granitoids
Petrographic characteristics of granitoid rocks
Backscattered electron image of a zircon from the Strontian Granite, Scotland. The grain has a rounded, un-zoned core (dark) that is an inherited hightemperature non-melted crystal from the pre-granite source. The core is surrounded by a zoned epitaxial igneous overgrowth rim, crystallized from the cooling granite.
Image source: From Paterson et al. (1992), Trans. Royal. Soc. Edinburgh. 83, 459-471. Also Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, 272, 459471.

Granitoids
Textures in granitoid rocks

At relatively low PH2O, a single feldspar will crystallize and then undergo further exsolution (a, b) [hypersolvus]
Image source: John Winter, 2001

At relatively high PH2O, two feldspars will crystallize with possible further exsolution of each phase (c) [subsolvus]

Granitoids
Petrographic characteristics of granitoid rocks Myrmekites intergrowth of dendritic
quartz and plagioclase at Kfeldspar/plagioclase interface texture likely related to subsolidus deformation

Myrmekite patch that appears to be replacing microcline. Faint twins in the myrmekite clearly shows that the probably quartz "worms" are in a plagioclase matrix. image source: Kurt Hollocher

Granitoids
Petrographic characteristics of granitoid rocks
Table 18-1. The Various Types of Enclaves Name Xenolith Xenocryst Surmicaceous Enclave Schlieren Felsic Microgranular Enclave Mafic Microgranular Enclave Cumulate Enclave (Autolith) Nature piece of country rocks isolated foreign crystal residue of melting (restite) disrupted enclave disrupted fine-grained margin Blob of coeval mafic magma disrupted cumulate Margin sharp to gradual sharp Shape angular to ovoid angular Features contact metamorphic texture and minerals corroded reaction rim

sharp, lenticular metamorphic texture biotite rim micas, Al-rich minerals gradual sharp to gradual mostly sharp mostly gradual oblate ovoid ovoid ovoid coplanar orientation fine-granied igneous texture fine-granied igneous texture coarse-grained cumulate texture

After Didier and Barbarin (1991, p. 20).

Granitoids
Granitoid Chemistry
biotite muscovite cordierite andalusite garnet pyroxene hornblende biotite aegirine riebeckite arfvedsonite

CaO CaO

moles

CaO K2O Al2O3 K2O Al2O3 Al 2O3

K2O

Composition of granitoid controlled by composition of source, pressure, temperature, degree of partial melting, and the nature of differentiation. most commonly calcalkaline

Na2O

Na2O

Na 2O

Peraluminous

Metaluminous

Peralkaline

variable aluminum saturation that generally depends on the source of melting

Image source: John Winter, 2001

Granitoids
Granitoid Chemistry
The fact that most granitoids plot near the low P ternary minimum melts are most consistent with melting of a quartzofeldspathic crustal parent. Note the effects of increasing pressure and the An, B, and F contents on the position of the thermal minima.

Image source: John Winter, 2001

Granitoids
Granitoid Chemistry
MORB-normalized spider diagrams for the analyses in Table 18-2 The subduction zone granitoids display the typical decoupling of the LIL/HFS elements. The plagiogranite is more similar to patterns associated with MORBs.
Image source: John Winter, 2001

Granitoids
Crustal melting (anatexis)
initiated due to increase in mantle-produced heat or thickened crust. two possible ways to produce melts
H2O-saturated melting - produces minor amounts of melt due to small amounts of trapped water Dehydration melting fluid from breakdown of hydrous minerals: e.g.
Migmatite from the Hellroaring Plateau in the Beartooth Mtns (MT) with felsic granitoid melt and restite of quartz + plagioclase + K-feldspar + biotite + garnet + sillimanite. Image source: Darrell Henry

Mu + Pl + Qtz = Kfs + Al-sil + Melt or Bt + Pl + Al-sil + Qtz = Kfs + Grt + Melt if produced melts are <30% the melt generally stays with the source to produce a migmatite.

Granitoids
Crustal melting (anatexis) (a) Simplified P-T phase diagram for melting of aluminous quartzofeldspathic materials and (b) quantity of melt generated during the melting of muscovite-biotite-bearing crustal source rocks Shaded areas in (a) indicate melt generation.

Granitoids
Classifications of Granitoids (genetic classification)
Table 18-3. The S-I-A-M Classification of Granitoids SiO2 K2O/Na2O Type M 46-70% low Ca, Sr high A/(C+N+K)* low Fe3+/Fe2+ low Cr, Ni low H18O < 9
87

Sr/86Sr

< 0.705

53-76%

low

high in mafic rocks low

low: metal- moderate uminous to peraluminous high metaluminous low

low

< 9

< 0.705

65-74%

high

high

> 9

> 0.707

high p 77%

Na2O high

low

var peralkaline

var

low

var

var

Misc Petrogenesis Low Rb, Th, U Subduction zone Low LIL and HFS or ocean-intraplate Mantle-derived high LIL/HFS Subduction zone med. Rb, Th, U Infracrustal hornblende Mafic to intermed. magnetite igneous source variable LIL/HFS Subduction zone high Rb, Th, U biotite, cordierite Supracrustal Als, Grt, Ilmenite sedimentary source low LIL/HFS Anorogenic high Fe/Mg Stable craton high Ga/Al Rift zone High REE, Zr High F, Cl

* molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)

Data from White and Chappell (1983), Clarke (1992), Whalen (1985)

I-type granitoids (igneous source) - partial melts of mantle-derived mafic rocks (underplated basaltic melts?); contain abundant hornblende and magnetite

Granitoids
Classifications of Granitoids (genetic classification)
Table 18-3. The S-I-A-M Classification of Granitoids SiO2 K2O/Na2O Type M 46-70% low Ca, Sr high A/(C+N+K)* low Fe3+/Fe2+ low Cr, Ni low H18O < 9
87

Sr/86Sr

< 0.705

53-76%

low

high in mafic rocks low

low: metal- moderate uminous to peraluminous high metaluminous low

low

< 9

< 0.705

65-74%

high

high

> 9

> 0.707

high p 77%

Na2O high

low

var peralkaline

var

low

var

var

Misc Petrogenesis Low Rb, Th, U Subduction zone Low LIL and HFS or ocean-intraplate Mantle-derived high LIL/HFS Subduction zone med. Rb, Th, U Infracrustal hornblende Mafic to intermed. magnetite igneous source variable LIL/HFS Subduction zone high Rb, Th, U biotite, cordierite Supracrustal Als, Grt, Ilmenite sedimentary source low LIL/HFS Anorogenic high Fe/Mg Stable craton high Ga/Al Rift zone High REE, Zr High F, Cl

* molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)

Data from White and Chappell (1983), Clarke (1992), Whalen (1985)

S-type granitoids (sedimentary source) - partial melts of aluminous sedimentary rocks; w/ Al-rich minerals (Alsilicates; cordierite, garnet), biotite (brown) and ilmenite

Granitoids
Classifications of Granitoids (genetic classification)
Table 18-3. The S-I-A-M Classification of Granitoids SiO2 K2O/Na2O Type M 46-70% low Ca, Sr high A/(C+N+K)* low Fe3+/Fe2+ low Cr, Ni low H18O < 9
87

Sr/86Sr

< 0.705

53-76%

low

high in mafic rocks low

low: metal- moderate uminous to peraluminous high metaluminous low

low

< 9

< 0.705

65-74%

high

high

> 9

> 0.707

high p 77%

Na2O high

low

var peralkaline

var

low

var

var

Misc Petrogenesis Low Rb, Th, U Subduction zone Low LIL and HFS or ocean-intraplate Mantle-derived high LIL/HFS Subduction zone med. Rb, Th, U Infracrustal hornblende Mafic to intermed. magnetite igneous source variable LIL/HFS Subduction zone high Rb, Th, U biotite, cordierite Supracrustal Als, Grt, Ilmenite sedimentary source low LIL/HFS Anorogenic high Fe/Mg Stable craton high Ga/Al Rift zone High REE, Zr High F, Cl

* molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)

Data from White and Chappell (1983), Clarke (1992), Whalen (1985)

M-type granitoids (direct mantle source) - e.g.


plagiogranites in ophiolites

A-type granitoids (on anorogenic settings) - peralkaline


melts in rifts

Granitoids
Classifications of Granitoids (tectonic setting)

Granitoids
Classifications of Granitoids (tectonic setting)

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