2006 08 N9CX Uproc Talk

Microcontroller Talk CRES-ARC
8/12/2006
microcontrollers_cres_arc.ppt
Topics To Touch On

History of microcontrollers What are microcontrollers How you can work with microcontrollers Overview of the W8ZPF Voter ID project
8/12/2006
History Of Microcontrollers
Microprocessors came before Microcontrollers

November 1971
April of 1972
Intel introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 First 8-bit microprocessor appeared on the market under a name 8008 8080 became available Addressed 64Kb of memory, had 75 instructions, and cost $360
April of 1974

MOS Technology - WESCON exhibit ( 1975)

a pivotal event in the history of microprocessors Announced the 6501 and 6502 at $25 each
microcontrollers_cres_arc.ppt 3
8/12/2006
What Are Microcontrollers?
Microprocessor Microcontroller what's the diff? Microprocessors can not stand alone

instruction decoder, ALU, address/data/ctl. busses, timing logic, (CPU) Has no capability to interact with the outside world
memory, I/O ports, UARTS, etc. must be added to make it useful
Microcontrollers are small computing systems on a single chip

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Program memory Random Access Memory (RAM) EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory A variety of peripheral devices
USARTs, Timer/Counters, ADC, DAC, I/O Ports, CANs, SPIs, etc., etc.
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So, whats all the excitement about?

They are inexpensive- even in single pieces You can design complex functionality in a small package Microcontrollers can be viewed as a universal building block There are a lot of free tools to work with Microcontrollers And The thing I like the best - Next Slide!
8/12/2006
8/12/2006

Microchip 16F88 DIP Package
$3.90 each single unit price
8/12/2006
What Are Microcontrollers? 16F88 INTERNAL VIEW

(Harvard Architecture)
Has 35 instructions Datasheet 214 pages
8/12/2006

ATMEL ATmega8 DIP Package
$4.50 Each single unit price
8/12/2006
What Are Microcontrollers? Atmega8 INTERNAL VIEW

(Harvard Architecture)
Has 130 instructions Datasheet 302 pages
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10
How you can work with microcontrollers
So whats the catch?

If you are new to software development

You need to think in a new paradigm Start small and learn the basics first You can work with microcontrollers on a couple of levels Walk before you attempt to run
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Ok So What Do Microcontrollers Do?
Well out of the box it does nothing! But you can make it do fantastic things
Just add software
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12

How To Get Started
Select a controller family

Based on your goals Availability of free stuff Not a trivial task for the beginner You need a way to load programs
set-up a development environment

Then are you ready to start!

8/12/2006
The W8ZPF Voter Controller
A real project

What are we trying to accomplish Interface to the repeater system Microcontroller Selection Development Environment Software Design The Final Board (observations)
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What are we trying to accomplish?
Identify how each receiver participated in relaying signals to the main transmitter during a key down session Accommodate up to 3 receivers in the design Use existing repeater interfaces/signals
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Simplified Interface Diagram
Current Voter Card CORE (H) RX1 Voted (^) RX1(H) RX2 (H) RX3 (H) RX1 Dominant (^) Sample every 100ms When CORE is active RX1 Dominant (^) RX1 Dominant (^) Calculate output when CORE goes inactive
< 90% of the time Low Pitch CW ID (M/R)** (DOMINANT) *Controller remembers last transition ** ACTUALLY 88.8 %
New Voter Microcontroller
Current Repeater Controller *
CD ID (M/R)
RX2 Voted (^) RX3 Voted (^)

=>90% of the time High Pitch CW ID (M/R) (VOTED)**
Inputs, Outputs, & Transformation

8/12/2006 microcontrollers_cres_arc.ppt 16

INTERFACE FOR THE VOTER CONTROLLER PROJECT
CORE LINE
Ignore RX inputs
Active
Idle
Accumulate Data (100ms)
1 or 0
Output lines retain previous data until core goes active again
RX1 RX3 output lines (active high)

All output lines are cleared after core goes active for debounce time.
There are 6 output lines 3 -> rx1 - rx3 voted 3-> rx1 - rx3 dominant microcontrollers_cres_arc.ppt 17
Version 1.0 - wje
8/12/2006

Microcontroller Selection
Looked at 2 controllers For This Project

Microchip 16F88 Atmel Atmega8
Basic software structure was implemented using both Either would have done the job
So how did I choose?
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18

The development environment
16F88 Microchip microcontroller
(initial choice)
MPLAB

Free environment for assembly language Create, Edit, Assemble, Link, Load, & emulate programs I use it on Windows 2K I have used it for several projects works well No limitations on usage
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19

ATmega8 microcontroller
(final choice)
Open Software Foundation tool-set

GNU C compiler, assembler, linker Make utility Avrdude program loader
Runs on Linux (Unix) & Windows Wanted experience with this environment
Atmega8 is more compiler friendly However, a not significant issue for this project
Generally faster to develop SW using a compiler
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This is what it physically looks like Serial port ATmega8 Development board
(Spark Fun)
(program flash memory)
LINUX environment
(FC3 FC5)
Final board
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21

Voter ID Board Schematic
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22

The Microcontroller Board
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The Software Design

This is where it gets a bit philosophical I think of it in these terms

Software is a solution to a problem Must understand the problem first Then think about strategies to solve it
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The Software Design How does one start?
VARIOUS SOFTWARE STRATEGIES


The Software Design
(STATE MACHINE)
HW
100 MS interrupt Run Background process
States are: STARTUP IDLE COUNTING
Background Processing
Return from interrupt
Foreground Responsibilities - HW initialization

- Call action routines on state changes - Processes RX data on key-up - Signals main controller regarding RX usage (sets output lines)
Wakes-up foreground
Background Responsibilities - Debounce inputs

- Watch core line - Determine when new state exists - Maintain count for each Rx
Foreground Processing
New state
Call routine To handle the State change

Go to sleep
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26

The Software Design
(STATE MACHINE)
Source File Statistics

main.c 155 lines main.h 17 lines init_timer1.c 30 lines init_io.c 103 lines interrupt.c 118 lines Makefile 328 lines
8/12/2006

The Software Design
(STATE MACHINE)
More Statistics (Decimal)

RESOURCE

USED/AVAILABLE
Text size 1462/8K Bytes (program instructions/tables, etc) Data size 37/512 Bytes (variables) TOTAL 1499 Bytes (5DBh) Used
512 Bytes of EEPROM none used
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main.h file variable declarations
#ifdef LOCAL #define EXTERN #else #define EXTERN extern #endif
enum { NO, YES }; enum { STARTUP, COUNTING, IDLE }; EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN unsigned char state; unsigned char new_state; int16_t rx1_count; int16_t rx2_count; int16_t rx3_count;
#define LOCAL #include main.h

This is the main loop (part of it anyway) of the foreground state machine code
while(1){ if(new_state == YES ){ new_state = NO; cli(); switch(state){ case COUNTING: // clear out old receiver counts on this state change rx1_count = 0; rx2_count = 0; rx3_count = 0; //clear all "voted" output lines to the repeater PORTB &= ~(_BV(PB0)); PORTB &= ~(_BV(PB1)); PORTB &= ~(_BV(PB2)); //clear all "dominant" output lines to the repeater PORTD &= ~(_BV(PD5)); PORTD &= ~(_BV(PD6)); PORTD &= ~(_BV(PD7)); break; case IDLE: /* Calculate results, set output lines accordingly **** This is long & will not show details here *** */ break; case STARTUP: // Do initialization here break; } sei(); } sleep_mode(); }
Fragment of code from main.c
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THE END !!
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2006 08 N9CX Uproc Talk

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Microcontroller Talk CRES-ARC

Microprocessors came before Microcontrollers

MOS Technology - WESCON exhibit ( 1975)

What Are Microcontrollers?

memory, I/O ports, UARTS, etc. must be added to make it useful

Microcontrollers are small computing systems on a single chip

What Are Microcontrollers?

What Are Microcontrollers?

What Are Microcontrollers?

$3.90 each single unit price

What Are Microcontrollers? 16F88 INTERNAL VIEW

Has 35 instructions Datasheet 214 pages

What Are Microcontrollers?

$4.50 Each single unit price

What Are Microcontrollers? Atmega8 INTERNAL VIEW

Has 130 instructions Datasheet 302 pages

How you can work with microcontrollers

So whats the catch?

How you can work with microcontrollers

Just add software

How you can work with microcontrollers

Select a controller family

set-up a development environment

Then are you ready to start!

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

New Voter Microcontroller

Current Repeater Controller *

RX2 Voted (^) RX3 Voted (^)

Inputs, Outputs, & Transformation

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

Accumulate Data (100ms)

RX1 RX3 output lines (active high)

Version 1.0 - wje

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

Looked at 2 controllers For This Project

Microchip 16F88 Atmel Atmega8

So how did I choose?

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

16F88 Microchip microcontroller

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

Open Software Foundation tool-set

Generally faster to develop SW using a compiler

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

(program flash memory)

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

This is where it gets a bit philosophical I think of it in these terms

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

VARIOUS SOFTWARE STRATEGIES

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

States are: STARTUP IDLE COUNTING

Return from interrupt

Foreground Responsibilities - HW initialization

Background Responsibilities - Debounce inputs

Call routine To handle the State change

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

Source File Statistics

The W8ZPF Voter Controller

More Statistics (Decimal)

512 Bytes of EEPROM none used