10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 5 9 S21 S11 13 17 21 25 29 S1 33 S31

Chapter 15
Electrostatics: Forces

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 1 6 11 S11 16 21 26 31 S1 S21 S31

Concept Check - Electrostatics

Two charged balls are repelling each other as they hang from the ceiling. What can you say about their charges? 1. one is positive, the other is negative 2. both are positive 3. both are negative 4. both are positive or both are negative

Concept Check - Electrostatics

Two charged balls are repelling each other as they hang from the ceiling. What can you say about their charges? 1. one is positive, the other is negative 2. both are positive 3. both are negative 4. both are positive or both are negative

The fact that the balls repel each other only can tell you that they have the same charge but you do not know the sign. So they can charge, be either both positive or both negative.

Concept Check - Electrostatics

From the picture, what can you conclude about the charges? 1. 2. 3. have opposite charges have the same charge all have the same charge

4. one ball must be neutral (no charge)

Concept Check - Electrostatics

From the picture, what can you conclude about the charges? 1. 2. 3. have opposite charges have the same charge all have the same charge

4. one ball must be neutral (no charge) The PERIWINKLE and BLACK balls must have the same charge, since they repel each other. The RED ball also repels the PERIWINKLE , so it must also have the same charge as the PERIWINKLE (and the BLACK).

Concept Checks Conductors

A metal ball hangs from the ceiling by an insulating thread. The ball is attracted to a positive-charged rod held near the ball. The charge of the ball must be: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. positive negative neutral positive or neutral negative or neutral

Concept Checks Conductors

A metal ball hangs from the ceiling by an insulating thread. The ball is attracted to a positive-charged rod held near the ball. The charge of the ball must be: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. positive negative neutral positive or neutral negative or neutral

remember the ball is a conductor!

Clearly, the ball will be attracted if its charge is negative negative. However, even if the ball is neutral the charges in the ball can be neutral, separated by induction (polarization), leading to a net attraction.

Concept Checks Conductors (2)

Two neutral conductors are connected by a wire and a charged rod is brought near, but does not touch. The wire is taken away, and then the charged rod is removed. What are the charges on the conductors? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 + + 0 + + 0 0

Concept Checks Conductors (2)

Two neutral conductors are connected by a wire and a charged rod is brought near, but does not touch. The wire is taken away, and then the charged rod is removed. What are the charges on the conductors? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 + + 0 + + 0 0

While the conductors are connected, positive charge will flow from the blue to the green ball due to polarization Once disconnected, the polarization. charges will remain on the separate conductors even when the rod is removed.

Concept Check Charging by Induction

A positively charged object is placed close to a conducting object attached to an insulating glass pedestal (a). After the opposite side of the conductor is grounded for a short time interval (b), the conductor becomes negatively charged (c). Based on this information, we can conclude that within the conductor

1. both positive and negative charges move freely. 2. only negative charges move freely. 3. only positive charges move freely. 4. We cant really conclude anything.

Concept Check Charging by Induction

A positively charged object is placed close to a conducting object attached to an insulating glass pedestal (a). After the opposite side of the conductor is grounded for a short time interval (b), the conductor becomes negatively charged (c). Based on this information, we can conclude that within the conductor

1. both positive and negative charges move freely. 2. only negative charges move freely. 3. only positive charges move freely. 4. We cant really conclude anything.

Electromagnetic Charge

Positive and Negative Charge

Positive (+)

Air Human Hands Asbestos Rabbit's Fur Glass Human Hair Mica Nylon Wool Lead Cat's Fur Silk Aluminum Paper Cotton Steel Wood Lucite Sealing wax Amber Polystyrene Polyethylene

Rubber balloon Sulphur Hard rubber Nickel, Copper Brass, Silver Gold, Platinum Sulfur Acetate, Rayon Polyester Celluloid Polyurethane Polyethylene Polypropylene Vinyl Silicon Teflon Saran Wrap
Negative (-)

Insulators and Conductors

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + ++

Conductor

Nonconductor

Insulators and Conductors

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Q + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Q/2 + + + + + + +

+ Q/2 + + + +

Concept Check Coulombs Law

What is the magnitude of the force F2? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1.0 N 1.5 N 2.0 N 3.0 N 6.0 N F1 = 3N

F2 = ?

Concept Check Coulombs Law

What is the magnitude of the force F2? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1.0 N 1.5 N 2.0 N 3.0 N 6.0 N F1 = 3N

F2 = ?

The force F2 must have the same magnitude as F1. This is due to the fact that the form of Coulombs Law is totally symmetric with respect to the two charges involved. The force of one on the other of a pair is the same as the reverse Note that this sounds reverse. suspiciously like Newtons 3rd Law!!

Concept Check Electric Force

Two uniformly charged spheres are firmly fastened to and electrically insulated from frictionless pucks on an air table. The charge on sphere 2 is three times the charge on sphere 1. Which force diagram correctly shows the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic forces:

Concept Check Electric Force

Two uniformly charged spheres are firmly fastened to and electrically insulated from frictionless pucks on an air table. The charge on sphere 2 is three times the charge on sphere 1. Which force diagram correctly shows the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic forces:

Concept Check Coulombs Law (2)

If we increase one charge to 4Q, what is the magnitude of F1? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3/4 N 3.0 N 12 N 16 N 48 N F1 = 3N F1 = ?

Q 4Q

Q Q

F2 = ? F2 = ?

Concept Check Coulombs Law (2)

If we increase one charge to 4Q, what is the magnitude of F1? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3/4 N 3.0 N 12 N 16 N 48 N F1 = 3N F1 = ?

Q 4Q

Q Q

F2 = ? F2 = ?

q1q2 Originally we had: F1 ! K 2 ! 3N r 4q1 q2 ! 4K q1q2 =4F =12N Now we have: F1 ! K 1 r2 r2

which is 4 times bigger than before.

Concept Check Coulombs Law (3)

The force between two charges separated by a distance r is F. If the charges are pulled apart to a distance 3r, what is the force on each charge? F F Q Q 1. 9 F 2. 3 F 3. F r 4. 1/3 F ? ? 5. 1/9 F Q Q

3r

Concept Check Coulombs Law (3)

The force between two charges separated by a distance r is F. If the charges are pulled apart to a distance 3r, what is the force on each charge? F F Q Q 1. 9 F 2. 3 F 3. F r 4. 1/3 F F/9 F/9 5. 1/9 F Q Q

3r
q1q2 r2 qq qq 1 d K 1 22 ! K 1 22 = F Now we have: F ! 9r 9 3r which is 1/9 as big as before.
Originally we had: F ! K

Concept Check Coulombs Law (4)

A hydrogen atom is composed of a nucleus containing a single proton, about which a single electron orbits. The electric force between the two particles is 2.3 x 1039 greater than the gravitational force! If we can adjust the distance between the two particles, can we find a separation at which the electric and gravitational forces are equal? 1. Yes, we must move the particles farther apart. 2. Yes, we must move the particles closer together. 3. No, at any distance

Concept Check Coulombs Law (4)

A hydrogen atom is composed of a nucleus containing a single proton, about which a single electron orbits. The electric force between the two particles is 2.3 x 1039 greater than the gravitational force! If we can adjust the distance between the two particles, can we find a separation at which the electric and gravitational forces are equal? 1. Yes, we must move the particles farther apart. 2. Yes, we must move the particles closer together. 3. No, at any distance

Both the electric and gravitational forces vary as the inverse square of the separation between two bodies. Thus, the forces cannot be equal at any distance.

Concept Check Electric Force

Two balls with charges +Q and +4Q are fixed at a separation distance of 3R. Is it possible to place another charged ball Q0 on the line between the two charges such that the net force on Q0 will be zero? 1. 2. 3. 4. yes, but only if Q0 is positive yes, but only if Q0 is negative yes, independent of the sign (or value) of Q0 no, the net force can never be zero
+Q 3R

+4Q

Concept Check Electric Force

Two balls with charges +Q and +4Q are fixed at a separation distance of 3R. Is it possible to place another charged ball Q0 on the line between the two charges such that the net force on Q0 will be zero? 1. 2. 3. 4. yes, but only if Q0 is positive yes, but only if Q0 is negative yes, independent of the sign (or value) of Q0 no, the net force can never be zero
+Q 3R

+4Q

A positive charge would be repelled by both charges, so a point where these two repulsive forces cancel can be found. A negative charge would be attracted by both, and the same argument holds.

Concept Check Electric Force (2)

Two balls with charges +Q and +4Q are separated by 3R. Where should you place another charged ball Q0 on the line between the two charges such that the net force on Q0 will be zero?
+Q 1 2 R 3 4 2R 3R 5 +4Q

Concept Check Electric Force (2)

Two balls with charges +Q and +4Q are separated by 3R. Where should you place another charged ball Q0 on the line between the two charges such that the net force on Q0 will be zero?
+Q 1 2 R 3 4 2R 3R 5 +4Q

q0q The force on Q0 due to +Q is: F ! K 2 r q0 4q 4 q0 q ! K !F The force on Q0 due to +4Q is: F ! K 2 2 2r 4 r Since +4Q is 4 times bigger than +Q, then Q0 needs to be farther from +4Q. In fact, Q0 must be twice as far from +4Q, since the distance is squared in Coulombs Law.

Coulombs Law

1 FE w r
FE w q1q2

q1q2 FE w 2 r q1q2 FE ! k o 2 r where ko ! 8.98755179 v 109 N m 2 C 2

Coulombs Law
F12 q1 (+) F32 q2 (-) q3 (+)

* * * F2 ! F21  F23
* F13
q3 (+)

* F13

* F23
q1 (+) q2 (-)

* F23 * F3
U

Concept Check Forces in 2D

Which of the arrows best represents the direction of the net force on charge +Q due to the other two charges?

3 4 5

+2Q

+Q
d

+4Q

Concept Check Forces in 2D

Which of the arrows best represents the direction of the net force on charge +Q due to the other two charges?

3 4 5

+2Q

+Q
d

The charge +2Q repels +Q towards the right. The charge +4Q repels +Q upwards, but with a stronger force. Therefore, the net force is up and to the right, but mostly up up.

+4Q

+2Q

+4Q

Concept Check Electric Force (3)

Two balls with charges +Q and 4Q are fixed at a separation distance of 3R. Is it possible to place another charged ball Q0 anywhere on the line such that the net force on Q0 will be zero?
+Q

4Q
3R

1. 2. 3. 4.

yes, but only if Q0 is positive yes, but only if Q0 is negative yes, independent of the sign (or value) of Q0 no, the net force can never be zero

Concept Check Electric Force (3)

Two balls with charges +Q and 4Q are fixed at a separation distance of 3R. Is it possible to place another charged ball Q0 anywhere on the line such that the net force on Q0 will be zero?
+Q

4Q

1. 2. 3. 4.

3R yes, but only if Q0 is positive yes, but only if Q0 is negative yes, independent of the sign (or value) of Q0 no, the net force can never be zero

A charge (positive or negative) can be placed to the left of the +Q charge, such that the repulsive force from the +Q charge cancels the attractive force from 4Q.

Electric Field

* * F E! qo
* * F !qE

* * F qqo 1 ! ko 2 E! r qo qo

E ! ko

q r2

? Field of a Point-charge A

Concept Check Electric Fields

Consider the four field patterns shown. Assuming there are no charges in the regions shown, which of the patterns represent(s) a possible electrostatic field:

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) and (d) 4. (a) and (c) 5. (b) and (c) 6. some other combination 7. None of the above.

Concept Check Electric Fields

Consider the four field patterns shown. Assuming there are no charges in the regions shown, which of the patterns represent(s) a possible electrostatic field:

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) and (d) 4. (a) and (c) 5. (b) and (c) 6. some other combination 7. None of the above.

Concept Check Electric Fields (2)

An electrically neutral dipole is placed in an external field. In which situation(s) is the net force on the dipole zero?

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) and (d) 4. (a) and (c) 5. (c) and (d) 6. some other combination 7. none of the above

Concept Check Electric Fields (2)

An electrically neutral dipole is placed in an external field. In which situation(s) is the net force on the dipole zero?

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) and (d) 4. (a) and (c) 5. (c) and (d) 6. some other combination 7. none of the above

Electric Fields

Electrostatics Java Applet

Electric Fields in 2D

Electric Fields in 3D

Superposition of Fields

Electric Fields

Electric Fields Web Resources

University of Colorado Electrostatics Electric Field Simulation More Electric Field Examples Field Lines Applet Elektrisches Feld von zwei Ladungen CalTech E-field Java Applet

Electric Field of a Point-Charge

Electric Field of a Dipole

Electric Field of Parallel Plates

Electric Fields and a Conductor

E=0

Concept Check Force of Electric Field

In a uniform electric field in empty space, a 4 C charge is placed and it feels an electrical force of 12 N. If this charge is removed and a 6 C charge is placed at that point instead, what force will it feel? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 N 8N 24 N no force 18 N

Concept Check Force of Electric Field

In a uniform electric field in empty space, a 4 C charge is placed and it feels an electrical force of 12 N. If this charge is removed and a 6 C charge is placed at that point instead, what force will it feel? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 N 8N 24 N no force 18 N

Since the 4 C charge feels a force, there must be an electric field present, with magnitude: E = F / q = 12 N / 4 C = 3 N/C Once the 4 C charge is replaced with a 6 C charge, this new charge will feel a force of: F = q E = (6 C)(3 N/C) = 18 N

Concept Check Electric Fields

What are the signs of the charges whose electric fields are shown at right? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) no way to tell

Concept Check Electric Fields

What are the signs of the charges whose electric fields are shown at right? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) no way to tell

Which has a greater magnitude of charge?