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QUESTIONS: What do we mean by lexicon? In what sense can we say that the lexicon has structure? What do we understand by lexical structure?
Definitions of LEXICON (I): LDCE: LEXICON= a dictionary, especially of an ancient language COD: LEXICON= a dictionary, especially of Greek, Hebrew or Arabic; (fig.) = vocabulary of e person, language of a branch of knowledge. LEXICON= A POOL OF WORDS THAT FORMS THE BASIS OF ANY LANGUAGE
Two senses attributed to the term LEXICON: a) Lexicon a metalinguistic level, a sub-component in a linguistic model S. Ullmanns structuralist model (1957) The diagram is a possible representation of various disciplines of linguistics and their inter-relations
Phonology
Lexicology
Diachronic
Syntax Synchronic
Morphology Semantics
FOREIGN
AR C HA
written
SL AN G
TE
L CA NI CH
I IF NT IE SC C
IC
COMMON
spoken
medium
DI A
LE CT AL
AR LG VU
LEXICON = the vocabulary of a language, an accumulation of words; these are not unconnected
THE LEXICON HAS STRUCTURE (a) Structure of the lexicon (external to the word): paradigmatic (oppositional) syntagmatic (combinatorial)
Lexical Structures
a) paradigmatic (oppositional)
b) syntagmatic (combinatorial)
primary
secondary
solidarities [collocation]
(b) Structure of the lexical items (internal to the word): - simple items - complex items
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Transformational analysis: used to account for the transformations of linguistic units according to corresponding patterns: e.g. blotting paper = paper that blots ink boy-friend = the friend is a boy
The immediate constituents analysis (L. Blomfield): used mainly in grammatical analysis to refer to the major divisions that can be made within a construction, at any level e.g. [The beautiful girl] (1) [is walking very slowly] (2).
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The componential analysis: a semantic theory developed from the technique of analysing the kinship vocabulary; based on semantic features. e.g. to run The clock is running internal movement/movement of parts; - The office runs well general functioning; - She ran for presidency events related to election. Substitution: process of replacing one item with another at a particular place in a structure: Substitution frame: the . is beautiful Substitution class : the set of items which can be used paradigmatically at a given place.
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The theory of oppositions: focus on linguistically important differences between units The field theory: organizes vocabulary of a language on the basis of common semantic concepts
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