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Stress

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Review important principles of statics Use the principles to determine internal resultant loadings in a body Introduce concepts of normal and shear stress

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Equilibrium of a deformable body Stress Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar Average shear stress Allowable stress

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INTRODUCTION Mechanics of materials A branch of mechanics It studies the relationship of External loads applied to a deformable body, and The intensity of internal forces acting within the body Are used to compute deformations of a body

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY External loads Surface forces Area of contact Concentrated force Linear distributed force Body force (e.g., weight)

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Support reactions for 2D problems

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Equations of equilibrium For equilibrium balance of forces balance of moments Draw a free-body diagram to account for all forces acting on the body Apply the two equations to achieve equilibrium state
F=0

MO = 0

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Internal resultant loadings For coplanar loadings: Normal force, N Shear force, V Bending moment, M

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Internal resultant loadings For coplanar loadings: Apply Fx = 0 to solve for N Apply Fy = 0 to solve for V Apply MO = 0 to solve for M

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Procedure for Analysis Method of sections 1. Choose segment to analyze 2. Determine Support Reactions 3. Draw free-body diagram for whole body 4. Apply equations of equilibrium

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The structure is designed to support a 30 kN load The structure consists of a boom and rod joined by pins (zero moment connections) at the junctions and supports Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural member and the reaction forces at the supports

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STRESS Concept of stress Small finite force, F acts on A As A 0, F 0 But stress (F / A) finite limit ()

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STRESS Normal stress Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to A Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)

z =

lim Fz
A 0

Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches the area element A Compressive stress: normal force pushes or compresses area element A
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STRESS Shear stress Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to A Symbol used for normal stress is (tau) zx =
lim Fx
A 0

A A
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zy =

lim Fy
A 0

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STRESS
General state of stress

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Units (SI system) Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2) kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal) MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal) GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)

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1. Stress AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Average normal stress distribution

+ FRz = Fxz

dF = A dA P = A

P = A
= average normal stress at any point on cross sectional area P = internal resultant normal force A = x-sectional area of the bar
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Example (P&K, p.9)

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

Sample Problem 1.1 Figure (a)

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Pass a section through the member forming an angle q with the normal plane. From equilibrium conditions, the distributed forces (stresses) on the plane must be equivalent to the force P. Resolve P into components normal and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cosq V P sinq

The average normal and shear stresses on the oblique plane are

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F P cosq P cos2 q Aq A0 A0 cosq V P sin q P sin q cosq Aq A0 A0 cosq

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Stresses are functions of orientation.

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AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Shear stress is the stress component that act in the plane of the sectioned area. Consider a force F acting to the bar For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will deform and fail along the planes identified by AB and CD Free-body diagram indicates that shear force, V = F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure equilibrium

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AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Average shear stress over each section is: P avg = A avg = average shear stress at section, assumed to be same at each pt on the section V = internal resultant shear force at section determined from equations of equilibrium A = area of section
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AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Single shear

Steel and wood joints shown below are examples of single-shear connections, also known as lap joints. Since we assume members are thin, there are no moments caused by F

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AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Double shear

The joints shown below are examples of double-shear connections, often called double lap joints. For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between two members subjected to double shear force, V = F/2 Apply average shear stress equation to determine average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).

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Pass a section through the member forming an angle q with the normal plane. Resolve P into components normal and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cosq V P sinq

The average normal and shear stresses on the oblique plane are

F P cosq P cos2 q Aq A0 A0 cosq V P sin q P sin q cosq Aq A0 A0 cosq

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ALLOWABLE STRESS When designing a structural member or mechanical element, the stress in it must be restricted to safe level Choose an allowable load that is less than the load the member can fully support One method used is the factor of safety (F.S.) Ffail F.S. = Fallow

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ALLOWABLE STRESS If load applied is linearly related to stress developed within member, then F.S. can also be expressed as: fail F.S. = allow fail F.S. = allow

In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than 1, to avoid potential for failure Specific values will depend on types of material used and its intended purpose

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DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS To determine area of section subjected to a normal force, use P A= allow

To determine area of section subjected to a shear force, use V A= allow

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DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Cross-sectional area of a tension member

Condition: The force has a line of action that passes through the centroid of the cross section.
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The structure is designed to support a 30 kN load The structure consists of a boom and rod joined by pins (zero moment connections) at the junctions and supports

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DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Cross-sectional area of a connecter subjected to shear

Assumption: If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown, assume frictional force between plates to be negligible.
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DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist shear caused by axial load Although actual shear-stress distribution along rod difficult to determine, we assume it is uniform. Thus use A = V / allow to calculate l, provided d and allow is known.

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P&K (p.19)
4 rivets of 3 4 working 18 ksi for bearing in the plate

working 14 ksi for shear in the rivet

Pmax ?

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DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist bearing Bearing stress is normal stress produced by the compression of one surface against another. Assumptions: 1. (b)allow of concrete < (b)allow of base plate 2. Bearing stress is uniformly distributed between plate and concrete

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Bearing Stress in Connections

Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact or bearing surfaces of the members they connect.

The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is equal and opposite to the force exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force intensity is called the bearing stress,

P P A td

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P&K (p.25)
The largest bearing stress between the pin and the members = ? The average shear stress in the pin = ? The largest average normal stress in the members =?

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