By Engr. William R. Salazar, PME Engr. Sid Vivas, PME Engr.

Jun Perocho, PME

What is Refrigeration?
y A process that involves the removal of heat

from an area which is desired to be kept cool and the rejection of that heat to an area whose temperature remains practically constant. y Maintaining a space cooler than the surrounding.

REFRIGERATION:
y -Is that branch of science which deals

with the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the surroundings.

KINDS OF REFRIGERATION
y 1. VAPOR COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM y 2.CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM y 3. AIR-CYCLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM y 4. STEAM-JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

CASCADE SYSTEM A cascade system combines two vapor-compression units, with the condenser of the low-temperature system discharging its heat to the evaporator of the high-temperature system. Cascade systems can normally furnish refrigeration down to about -100 C. There are two types of cascade systems, the closed cascade condenser and the direct contact heat exchanger. In the closed cascade condenser fluids in the high pressure and low pressure systems may be different but in the direct-contact heat exchanger the same fluid is used throughout the system. The direct-contact heat exchanger type is most common used.

AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

The air-cycle refrigeration system is the only air cooling process developed for wide commercial application in which a gaseous refrigerant is used throughout the cycle. Compression is accomplished by a reciprocating or centrifugal compressor as in the vapor-compression cycle, but condensation and evaporation are, of necessity, replaced by a sensible cooling and heating of the gas. An air cooler is used in place of a condenser and a refrigerator in place of an evaporator. The expansion valve is replaced by an expansion engine or turbine.

STEAM JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

STEAM-JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Steam jet refrigeration is a type of water evaporative refrigeration where in water is used as the refrigerant. The principle of operation is based on the fact that water will boil or vaporize rapidly, at a relatively low temperature, if the pressure on the surface is reduced sufficiently. A steam jet refrigeration shown, an ejector sucks or draws water from the surface of the in the evaporator or flash chamber, causing the pressure in the evaporator to to drop. The ejector reduces the pressure in the evaporator to a point at which the water will vaporize at the desired temperature. In vaporizing, it absorbs heat and cools the remainder of the water in the evaporator. The steam pressure at the ejector nozzle should be about 1030 kPa.

STEAM-JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (cont.)

The evaporation of the water in the evaporator, reduces the temperature of the water in the evaporator. This cold water, 4 C to 21 C, is circulated by means of pumps, to the area to be cooled. Steam jet systems are used extensively in air conditioning, and for cooling of water in certain chemical plants for gas absorption. The cooling temperatures provided by the steam jet mechanism are usually between 4 C and 21 C. Temperatures below 4 C are impractical due to the danger of freezing.

STEAM JET REFRIGERATION

METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

REFRIGERATION 2. MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION 3. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION 4. STEAM JET REFRIGERATION 5. AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION

1. ICE

What is a Refrigerant?
y Refrigerant is a chemical substance used for

heat transfer in a refrigerating system.

y It absorbs heat in the evaporator by change

of state from liquid to a gas, and gives up this heat by condensing at a higher temperature and pressure from gas to liquid state.

Kinds of Refrigerants
y Ammonia NH3 y Carbon Dioxide - CO2 y Ethyl Chloride y Freon 12

H2H5CL

CCL2 y Freon 22 CHC3 y Iso Butene (CH3)3 CH y Methyl Chloride CH3CL y Sulfur Dioxide SO2

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

y Kyoto Protocol?

MONTREAL PROTOCOLThis protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is a multilateral environment agreement that has been ratified by 196 countries, including the Philippines, commited to phase out production and consumption(importation of ODS according to an agreed schedule. Under the protocol and our national policies , CFCs are scheduled to be phased out by 1January2010.
-

REPUBLIC ACT 6969

(Toxic substances and Hazardous and nuclear waste control act of 1990) Includes the chemical control order for ozone depleting substances(ODS) that covers the ban, limit and/or regulation of the use, manufacture, import, export, transport, processing, storage, possession and sale of ODS in compliance to Montreal protocol.

OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

FREONS
CFC 11 CFC 12 CFC 113 HCFC 22 HALONS Halon 1211 Halon 1301 Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)

OTHERS:
HFC134a HFC23 HFC126

What is the principle of Mechanical Refrigeration?

y Mechanical Refrigeration

is the process of absorbing heat under temperature, compression, pressure and expansion and the working fluid known as refrigerant.

What are the Types of Mechanical Refrigeration?

1. Absorption System of Refrigeration ability of

one substance to absorb large volume amount of vapor of another substance usually the liquid refrigerant. 2. Compression System of Refrigeration where the refrigerant, at low pressure and temperature, enters the suction side of the compressor through a scale trap, compression take place and refrigerant leaves the compressor, at high pressure and temperature, passes through oil separation which remove oil from it.

Difference between Direct and Indirect System of Refrigeration.

y Direct expansion system

the evaporation is in direct contact with the material or space refrigerated or the refrigerant itself extracts the heat from the space to be cooled. y Indirect expansion system the refrigerant is evaporated into the coils of the evaporator, which are in a brine tank, thus brine secondary refrigerant is circulated to the coil of cold storage chamber to do the cooling.

What are the four processes of Mechanical Refrigeration Cycle?(vapor compression cycle)
Compression Process: a. The cold gas is withdrawn from the evaporator and compressed to a higher temperature and discharge to the condenser. b. The pressure gas is changed into high pressure hot gasses. 2. Condensation Process: a. In this process, latent heat of the hot gas is removed by passing it through the heat exchanger condenser cooled by water. b. The hot gas is changed its physical state into high pressure warm liquid.
1.

What are the four processes of Mechanical Refrigeration Cycle?(vapor compression cycle)
3. Expansion Process:
a. In this process, the pressure of the refrigerant is reduced changing its state into low pressure cold liquid particles. b. Refrigerant changes its state into gas picking up its latent of evaporation thus lowering the temperature to freezing cold temperature after it passes to the expansion control valve.

4. Evaporation Process:
In this process, the liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent of evaporation thus lowering the temperature to freezing cold temperature after it passes to the expansion control valve.

What is refrigeration system?

y An assembly of four major components

namely, the Compressor, Condenser, Expansion Valve, and Evaporator; through which a very low boiling point substance (refrigerant) flow in cycle, and absorbs heat from immediate surroundings, thereby producing the cooling effect (also known as refrigerating effect).

Major Parts of Mechanical Refrigeration: 1. Compressor 2. Condenser

compresses refrigerant vapor and causes it to flow in the system.

the refrigerant condenses while rejecting heat to the cooling medium which is either air or water. 3. Expansion Valve reduces the pressure of the refrigerant so that low temperature will be attained; regulates the flow of the refrigerant to the evaporator. 4. Evaporator the liquid portion of the refrigerant evaporates while absorbing heat from the surrounding.

The Refrigeration Cycle

A basic refrigeration system

Compressor:
y Function:
1. It acts as a pump , circulate the

refrigerant through the system. 2. It maintain the low pressure at the evaporating unit during operation. 3. It compresses the low pressure gas to the higher pressure and temperature thereby raising the boiling point.

Types of Compressors:
1. Reciprocating Compressor 2. Centrifugal Compressor 3. Rotary Sliding Vane Compressor 4. Helical Rotary Screw Compressor

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

Centrifugal Compresor

Scroll Compressor

TYPES OF COMPRESSORS

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

Typical Mounting Parts of Reciprocating Compressor

y Cylinder head y Crankshaft y Piston and Connecting rod y Main bearing y Shaft seal y Oil pump y Suction Strainer

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR INTERNAL PARTS

Condensers:
y Function:
1. Act as heat exchanger between the hot gas

refrigerant and the cooling medium. 2. Remove the heat of compression and also the latent heat of condensation. y Types: 1. Shell and tube condenser 2. Double pipe condenser 3. Evaporative condenser 4. Air cooled Condenser

TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES OF EVAPORATORS: 1. Dry-expansion evaporators 2. Flooded expansion evaporators

TYPES OF EVAPORATOR CONSTRUCTION: 1. Bare- tube evaporators 2. Plate-surface evaporator 3. Finned evaporator

REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTOR

Types of evaporators

Types of evaporators

TYPES OF EVAPORATOR

The Compression Cycle

The Compression Cycle

Compressor Work (Power), Wc = h2 h1 kJ/kg = m(h2 h1) kw Heat Rejected in Condenser, Qr =h2 h3 kJ/kg = m(h2 h3) kw To find the cooling water requirement of condenser, mw: mwCp T = m(h2 h3) where: Cp = specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg-C T = temperature rise of the cooling water

Expansion Valve (Process)

h3 = h4 h3 = (hf + x hfg)4 where: x = quality or weight of flash gas per unit weight of refrigerant Refrigerant Effect, Qa- the rate of heat removal from the evaporator or low temperature space. = h1 h4 kJ/kg = m(h1 h4) kw = m(h1 h4) Tons of Refrigeration 3.516 (1 ton of refrigeration = 3.516 kw = 200 Btu/min) ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO(EER)-is the ratio of refrigerating effect divided by the power input and is usually expressed in Btu/hr -Watt. EER =Refrigerating effect (Btu/Hr) Power input (Watt)

Expansion Valve (Process)

Coefficient of Performance (COP)-the ratio of the refrigerating effect to the compressor work. = Refrigeration Effect = Qa = h1- h4 Compressor Work Wc h2 h1 Power Per Ton-the ratio compressor power in kw to the refrigerating effect. = Compressor Power , kw/ton Tons of Refrigeration Volume Flow at Suction, V1 = m v1 m3/s Volume Flow per Ton = V1 ________ = ____mv1___ , m3/sec Tons of Refrigeration Tons Ref ton

Standard Refrigeration Cycle:

Evaporation Temperature: 5F (-15C) Condensing Temperature: 86F (30C) Reversed Carnot Cycle in Refrigeration Qr = heat rejected in condenser = T2(S2-S3) = T2(S1-S4) Qa = refrigerating effect = T1(S1-S4) W = net work = Qr Qa = T2(S2-S3) = T2(S1-S4) COP = Qa = T1(S1-S4) = T1 W T2(S1-S4) - T1(S1-S4) Where: T1 = low absolute temperature, K or R T2 = high absolute temperature, K or R

Refrigeration Compressors
Type of Refrigeration Compressors: y 1. Reciprocating Compressor y 2. Centrifugal Compressor y 3. Rotary Compressor
Vane type y Screw type
y

Classification of refrigeration compressors, based on enclosure:

y Open-Type Compressor compressor whose

crankshaft extends through the compressor housing so that a motor can be externally coupled to the shaft. y Hermetically Sealed Compressor type in which the compressor and the motor are enclosed in the same housing. y Semi-Hermetic Compressor hermetically sealed compressor in which the cylinder head can be removed for servicing of the valves and pistons.

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

Performance of Reciprocating Compressor

1. Compressor work (Power) = h2 h1 kJ/kg = m(h2 h1) kw 2. Piston Displacement, VD = DLNC, m3/sec 4
Where: D = bore, m L = stroke, m N = speed, rev/s C = number of cylinders

Performance of Reciprocating Compressor

3. V1 = volume flow at suction = m v1 Where: v1 = specific volume at suction, m3/kg 4. Nv = volumetric efficiency = V1 VD Conventional (clearance ) volumetric efficiency: Nv = 1 + c c( v1 ) v2
where: c = clearance = Vc VD V1 = specific volume at suction, m3/kg V2 = specific volume at discharge, m3/kg

CONDENSERS
Types of condensers used in refrigeration: 1. Air-cooled a. Bare tube b. Finned tube 2. Water-cooled a. shell-and-tube b. shell-and-coil

3. Evaporative-uses both water and air

TYPES OF CONDENSER

AIR COOLED CONDENSERS: (Types) 1. Natural convection 2. Forced-air type

WATER-COOLED CONDENSER:(Types) 1. Tube-in-tube or double pipe 2. Shell-and-coil 3. Shell-and-tube

COOLING TOWER
COOLING TOWER-is used in a conjunction with the water- cooled condenser. The cooling tower cools the warm water for recirculating it in the condenser. Types of cooling tower: 1. Natural- draft or atmospheric tower 2. Mechanical-draft tower
a. Induced draft b. Forced draft

COOLING TOWER

Expansion Devices
Functions of the Expansion Device: 1. To reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant from the condenser in order to attain low temperature 2. To control the flow of the refrigerant to the evaporator

Types of Expansion Devices:

1. Capillary tube 2. Expansion Valves a. Gate Valve b. Constant Pressure Expansion Valve c. Thermostatic Expansion Valve d. Thermostatic Expansion Valve with External Equalizer e. Float Valve (used with flooded evaporator)

TYPES OF EXPANSION DEVICES

TYPES OF EXPANSION DEVICES

TYPES OF EXPANSION DEVICES

TYPES OF EXPANSION DEVICES

Refrigerants
I. Halocarbon Refrigerants R-12 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane R-22 CHClF2 Monochlorodifluoromethane R-40 CH3Cl Methyl Chloride II. Inorganic Refrigrants R-717 NH3 Ammonia R-718 H2O Water R-729 Air R-744 CO2 Carbon Dioxide

Refrigerants
III. Hydrocarbon R-50 CH4 R-170 C2H6 R-290 C3H8 Refrigerants Methane Ethane Propane

IV. Azeotropes An azeotropes is a mixture of two substance in which the components cannot be separated by distillation. (R-502 is a mixture of 48.8% R-22 and 51.2% R-115).

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF A REFRIGERANT

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:
1. LOW FREEZING POINT 2. LOW CONDENSING PRESSURE 3. LOW EVAPORATING PRESSURE 4. LOW POWER PER TON 5. LOW VOLUME PER TON 6. HIGH COP

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF A REFRIGERANT

Chemical Properties: 1. non-toxic 2. non-flammable 3. non-corrosive 4. not destructive to refrigerated products.

Physical Properties: 1. low viscosity 2. high thermal conductivity 3. easy leak detection 4. miscible with oil 5. reasonable cost

REFRIGERANT LEAK DETECTION

1. R-12 and other system using halocarbon refrigerants Detection: Loss of cooling capacity Location: a. soap sud b. prestolite or alcohol torch c. electronic leak detector 2. Ammonia Systems: Detection: Toxic Odor Location: a. soap sud b. sulfur candle c. litmus paper

Control Mechanism of Refrigerant into the System:

1. Hand expansion valves

manually control the refrigerant liquid flowing to the evaporator in the event of failure of the thermal expansion valve. 2. Suction line regulators used to control the flow of refrigerant gas from the evaporator coil. 3. Solenoid valves usually fitted in liquid suction or discharge lines to interrupt the flow on demand from any one of the types of temperature or pressure sensing devices. 4. Check valves used to prevent the flow of gas from the condenser back to the compressor during off cycles.

Control Mechanism of Refrigerant into the System:

5. Hold-back valves used to limit the flow of gas to the to the compressor to prevent surge or excessive loads from overloading compressor motor. 6. Reversing valves used in defrosting cycle or heat pump system to divert the flow of refrigerant. 7. Hot gas defrost valves fitted in modern multiplex system for method of defrosting the entire system before the suction side of evaporator coil.

Electric Control Devices

1. Pressure controllers control the flow in some

portion of the system, provide automatic defrosting and transfer of liquid from the system. Three basic types; Bellows, Diaphragm, Bourdon Type. 2. Temperature controllers control variable temperature have similar design with basic power elements bellows, diaphragm and bourdon tube that are used in pressure control. Bimetal thermostat and Remote bulb thermostat.

Safety Cut outs Devices:

a. High pressure cutout switch b.

c.

d. e.

used as a safety control on the discharge line compressor. Low pressure cutout switch fitted on suction side of compressor, opened the contact when the pressure fall below a set point. Low oil pressure switch contacts are fitted into the compressor drive motor circuit, when oil pressure falls below the preset point. Water failure switch stop the compressor in case failure of cooling water system in the condenser Float switch close the circuit in response to the rise and fall of the liquid level.

Parts of the Automatic Control Freon Refrigeration System

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Compressor Condenser Liquid receiver Expansion valve manual Evaporator Suction valve Discharge valve Oil trap Liquid/King valve Charging valve

11. Dehydrator 12. Sight glass 13. Solenoid valve 14. Thermo expansion valve 15. Purging valve 16. Compound gauge 17. Cut out switch 18. Discharge press gauge 19. Low oil press switch 20. Water failure switch

Instruments in Refrigeration:
y Barometer instrument for measuring atmospheric

pressure, in psi or in of mercury y Calorimeter a device used to measure quantities of heat or determine specific heats of a substance. y Dynamometer a device for measuring power output or power input of a mechanism. y Hydrometer floating instrument used to measure specific gravity of a liquid such as refrigerants, oil. y Hygrometer instrument used to measure degree of moisture in the atmosphere.

Instruments in Refrigeration:
y Manometer instrument for measuring pressure

of gases and vapor. y Psychrometer also called wet bulb hygrometer used for measuring the relative humidity of atmospheric air. y Pyrometer instrument used for measuring higher temperatures. y Wet bulb a device used to measure the relative humidity of air.

Definitions of Technical Terms:

y Absolute Pressure

is the pressure above a complete vacuum, sum of gauge pressure and atmosphere pressure. y Ambient Temperature the temperature of air in space, room temperature. y Analyzer is a pressure vessel mounted above the generator through which the vapors leaving the generator in absorption system.

y BTU

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water or any substance , one degree Fahrenheit. y Calorie the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius y Chiller a heat exchanger in which low pressure refrigerant boils or vaporizes thus absorbing the heat that was remove from the refrigerated area

DEFINITION AND TERMS

REFRIGERATING EFFECT, Q - the rate of heat removal from the evaporator or low temperature space. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE(COP)- the ratio of the refrigerating effect to the compressor work.

Thank you and Good Morning