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Support of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits Conduction of Water, Minerals, Sugars, etc. Photosynthesis Storage Defense
Stems support a display of leaves. Stems orient the leaves toward the light with minimal overlap among the leaves.
Asclepias - milkweed
The stem supports a display of fruits. The stem of a vine twines around objects in the environment circumnutation!
Opuntia-prickly pear
This stem does photosynthesis, stores water, but also produces a defense chemical: mescalinea hallucinogen.
Cortex
A ring of vascular bundles
Pith
Epidermis - window, reduce water loss Cortex Collenchyma - extensible support Cortex Parenchyma - photosynthesis, etc. Phloem Fibers - rigid support Functional Phloem - conduct sugars etc. away from leaf to rest of plant Vascular Cambium - adds 2 xylem and 2 phloem Xylem -conduct water and minerals up from soil Pith -water storage, defense?
VIP Stem: Provide both name and function labels: Epidermis: reduce evaporation, gas exchange Cortex: photosynthesis, collenchyma support Vascular Bundles: conduction
outside
Vascular Bundle:
Phloem Fibers: support Functional Phloem:
to center
outside
Vascular Cambium:
add 2 Xylem and 2 Phloem
Xylem:
to center
Notice how the vascular cambia of adjacent vascular bundles line up side by side. Notice that cambium tissue differentiates between the bundles, connecting the cambia together.
Each year the cambium produces a layer of secondary xylem and a layer of secondary phloem.
This photo shows secondary xylem from parts of three years in Pinus strobus (white pine).
spring of the next year winter of that year fall of that year
Three years of Secondary Growth Tilia - basswood Secondary Phloem Secondary Xylem
This tree is Pinus aristata (bristlecone pine). One individual of this species shows more than 5000 growth rings! Inner wood, harvested by boring, was used to validate carbon-14 dating.
Imagine the stories that this California tree could tellperhaps something of migration of Asian peoples down the western coast of North America! They were contemporaries of Pharaohs!
Epidermis
When suberin is fully developed, the cortex cells will eventually be in the dark. So these chloroplasts will lose their function!
The thick periderm can be quite thick and assist in survival of forest fires! Sequoia sempervirens - giant sequoia
The bark covers and stiffens the spines on many woody trees and shrubs.
Bark =