Single phase Series Motor

Ordinary dc series motor when energized from ac supply would operate inefficiently because of 1. Inferior commutation. Sparking at brushes is excessive 2. poor p.f, due to large reluctance of the field and armature winding. 3. Increased iron losses in poles and yoke. So Efficiency is low.
To overcome these difficulties following modifications are made 1. poles and yoke are laminated to reduce eddy current losses. Core is made up of material having low hysteresis loss. 2. No of armature conductors is increased to give required torque with low flux. 3. Field winding is provided with less no turns. Area of field poles is increased, so that flux density is reduced. Pf gets improved. 4. To reduce effects of armature reaction, threre by improving commutation and reducing armature reactance, compensating winding is provided.

EMFs produced in a pulsating Field

Rotational EMF: Due to armature rotation in the main field as in DC machines Transformer EMF: Due to the fact that armature winding is linked by alternating field produed by field winding.

Here field winding is considered as primary and armature winding as secondary

Rotational EMF

Er and are in time phase If field flux is alternating quantity, then Er is also alternating. freq of Er = freq of field flux = Freq of Field current.

fr depends upon armature speed and f depends on supply frequency.

T T T

Magnitude of Er changes with fr and hence with armature speed . But freq of Er is constant = field freq

If angle of brush separation is less than 180, but centre line of brush separation coincides with flux axis then

Transformer EMF
If armature magnetic axis or brush axis is at 90 degrees from field flux axis, only rotational emf Er will appear across the brushes, but no transformer emf Et will appear across the brushes.

Now brushes are shifted by 90 so brush axis coincides with field axis then Et will appear across the brushes, but rotational emf will be zero.

Transformer emf Et is always independent of armature speed.

T T

T a T/a T

Magnitude of Et depends on supply freq f and is independent of rotational freq fr. Et lags field flux by 90 degrees.

General Case

Torque

Commutation in dc machines

Commutation in ac machines
Three emfs induced in the coil undergoing commutation in ac machines are 1. Reactance EMF 2. Rotational EMF 3. Transformer EMF

Reactance emf e1

Methods of Improving commutation

Current in the coil undergoing commutation =Ert/Zsc Design considerations: --reactance emf Lc T*T so single turn coils are used, --Er, Et can be reduced by reducing flux per pole & turns per coil Use of compoles: to neutralize reactance emf. to neutralize partly effect of both Et,Er. Increase of Zsc Use of discharge winding

Increase of Zsc:
1. by using brushes with high contact resistance. 2. by connecting additional resistance between coils and commutator segments

Use of discharge winding

Characteristics of discharge winding

Phasor diagram