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1Genetics Lecture
Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
4 oclock flower
What will be the possible explanations of these test crossess result?
P:
F1:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Grande
Large colony that can respire
Petite
Small colony that cannot respire
Why?????
This is non-Mendelian inheritance
These traits are determined by genes that reside in chloroplast ( in 4 oclock ) and mitochondria ( in yeast)
Sites of the krebs cycle and an electron transport chain. Starting with O2 & carbohydrate, fats => ATP
sites of photosynthesis. Starting with solar energy & CO2 => carbohydrate + O2
Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
Mitochondrial genomes
Location: in the matrix Nucleoids: high condensed structure of mtDNAs Cells contain a variable number of mitochondria & nucleoids Replication of mtDNA & division of the mitochondria occur throughout the cell cycle independent of the replication of nuclear DNA & of cell division mtDNAs undergo replication randomly Some molecules replicate many times Others do not replicate
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Mitochondrial genomes
The size, gene content and shape of mtDNA vary from organism to organism.
Mitochondrial DNA Sizes
Organism Plasmodium Yeast Drosophila Pea human Size (kb) 6 75 18 110 16.5
Comparison of Some Functions Encoded in mtDNA Oxidative Phosphorylation Genes 7 14 13 tRNAs 25 29 22 Genome Size (kb) 75 186.0 16.5
Kinetoplast
single-celled eukaryotic organisms (the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Crithidia) carry a single mitochrondria mtDNA exists in 1 place Minicircles 10- 25000 0.5- 2.5 kb in length play a role in RNA editing 50- 100 21- 31 kb in length contain most of genes
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Human mtDNA
Circular molecule 2 rRNAs 22 tRNAs
13 proteins
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Yeast mtDNA
Circular molecule 2 rRNAs 25 tRNAs
16 proteins
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RNA editing
Mitochondrial transcripts undergo RNA editing, a rare variation on the basic theme of gene expression RNA editing is the process that converts pre-mRNAs to mature mRNAs Precursor RNA RNA editing functional mRNA RNA editing occurs in the mitochondria of the following organisms:
Trypanosomes (protozoan parasite), add or delete uracils
Some plants, add or delete cytosines (mechanism not known)
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Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
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Chloroplast genomes
Location: stroma Shape: circular Genome size is more uniform than the ones of mitochondria, 120 217kb (mostly 120-160kp) More genes than mtDNA. They are closely packed with few nucleotides between adjacent coding sequences Many chloroplast genes are organized into operon-like clusters
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Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
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Evolution of mtDNA
mtDNA of vertebrates changes almost 5-10 times more rapidly than the nuclear DNA
Reflect more errors in replication & less efficient repair mechanism Provide valuable tool for studying evolutionary relationships of organisms whose nuclear DNA are very similar
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Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
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Uniparental inheritance
In most species, progeny inherit organelle DNA from only one parent (usually the maternal)
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Biparental inheritance
Inherit their organelle genomes from both parents
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Outline
1. 2. What are organelles? Mitochondrial genome
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chloroplast genome
Evolution of organelles Non-Mendelian inhertiance mtDNA disorders
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Mutations in mitochondria can have very serious effects Mitochondrial mutations affects mostly on tissues that have high energy demands (brain, retinal, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle tissues).
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occurs
LHON is inherited only from the mother. Effect: degeneration of the optic nerve loss of vision
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Background reading
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 2nd Ed., Chapter 14, pp.489-517
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