INTERACTION OF LEAD WITH PESTICIDE IN HUMAN POINT OF VIEW

PRESENTED BY
HARNEET KAUR L-2011-V-87-M

Definition of pesticide
a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. a pest is any harmful, destructive, or troublesome animal, plant or microorganism.

 Reasons for concerns about pesticides in

environmental quality and human health result from:

persistence transport toxicity

 Persistence is one determiner of the

magnitude of residues in soil or on foods. Persistence can be represented by determining a pesticide's half-life. Half-lives in soil for several years Breakdown products (metabolites) can themselves be persistent & toxic

Ranking persistence (in a very general way):

Longest Inorganics such as lead arsenate Chlorinated hydrocarbons Medium Organophosphates Carbamates Pyrethroids Neonicotinoids Shortest Botanicals Soaps Microbials

Transport
Residues may be carried away from

application sites, often to unwanted destination

 lead arsenate based pesticide, was used

extensively to control agricultural pests in fruit orchards until the late 1950s. Direct pesticide exposure occurred with workers who mixed or applied the chemicals in the orchards. Indirect exposure can occur with the pesticide residues found in the soil today. The pesticide residues bind tightly to the surface soil layer, where they have remained for decades. As a result, the residues may pose a human health risk when the land changes from agriculture to other uses. For example, lead arsenate contaminated soil can be hazardous if children continually play in it.

 Both lead and arsenic can be toxic at high

concentrations in soils. The naturally occurring soil levels of these metals are not considered toxic. However, in existing and former orchards, lead arsenate pesticides have caused soil levels to become a health concern. Historically, apple orchards required more pesticide applications than cherry orchards. Therefore, higher amounts of lead and arsenic are found in former apple orchard

Exposure
lead arsenate pesticides in former orchard soils

involves contact with the bare soils. Some common activities that may increase exposure are: Gardening or digging in the soil, Children playing in contaminated soil (particularly if not washing after play), Eating without first washing hands and face after digging in soils, and Eating unwashed vegetables grown in the soils Under some condition pesticide may also contaminate the underground water specially people living near orchard

Other Sources of Lead Exposure

Residue of leaded gasoline
Lead smelting and recycling Solder (Pb + Sn), welding (minor) Metalworking Ammunition and explosives

Exterior paints
Kohl and certain herbal remedies

Exposure of Lead

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Absorption of Lead:
Ingestion Major source of lead exposure for children Inhalation Primary route of exposure for adults Dermal contact Plays a role for exposure to organic lead among workers, but is not considered a significant pathway for the general population. Endogenous Exposure Once absorbed, lead may be stored for long periods in mineralizing tissue ( i.e., teeth and bones) released again into the bloodstream in times of calcium stress ( e.g. , pregnancy, lactation, osteoporosis), or calcium deficiency

Distribution of Lead
95% long bones.

Binds into matrix.

Released during

osteolysis. 4% brain,liver, kidneys. 1% blood. Crosses placenta, foetal 13 BBB is open

Who Is at Risk of Lead Exposure?:

Children Adults mainly occupational exposure Auto

repairers, Battery manufacturers, Bridge reconstruction workers, Construction workers, Glass manufacturers, Lead manufacturing industry, Plastic manufacturers, Police officers, Printers, Rubber product manufacturers, Steel welders or cutters Pregnant Women and Developing Fetuses

Biologic Fate of Lead?:

Adults typically absorb up to 20% of ingested lead. Most

inhaled lead in the lower respiratory tract is absorbed. Most of the lead that enters the body is excreted in urine or through biliary clearance (ultimately, in the feces). Inorganic lead is not metabolized in the liver. Nearly all organic lead that is ingested is absorbed. Organic lead compounds are metabolized in the liver Absorbed lead that is not excreted is exchanged primarily among three compartments Blood Mineralizing tissues (bones and teeth), which typically contain the vast majority of the lead body burden Soft tissue (liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart)

Lead toxicity can affect every organ system including

Nervous system
Renal system Blood Endocrine glands GIT Reproductive system

Neurological Effects:
The nervous system is the most sensitive target of lead

exposure. In children: Neurological effects of lead in children have been documented at exposure levels once thought to cause no harmful effects (<10g/dL). Decrement in IQ performance Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Hearing impairment. Balance disruption Impaired peripheral nerve function

Neurological effect in adult

Neurological and behavioral effects in lead-

exposed workers with BLLs ranging from 40 to 120 g/dL include. Dizziness Depression/mood changes, headache Fatigue Forgetfulness Diminished reaction time Lethargy Diminished visual motor performance Malaise Impaired concentration

Hematological Effects cont.:

Lead can induce two types of anemia Acute

high-level lead exposure hemolytic anemia . chronic lead exposure , lead induces anemia by both interfering with heme biosynthesis and by diminishing red blood cell survival. The anemia of lead intoxication is hypochromic, and normoor microcytic with associated reticulocytosis.

Endocrine Effects
Endocrine Effects Lead impedes vitamin D

conversion into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which is responsible for the maintenance of extra- & intra-cellular calcium homeostasis impaired cell growth, maturation, and tooth and bone development.

Gastrointestinal Effects:
In severe cases of lead poisoning, children

or adults may present with severe cramping abdominal pain, which may be mistaken for an acute abdomen or appendicitis.

Reproductive Effects
Male Reproductive Effects Effects begin at

BLLs of 40 g/dL diminished sperm concentrations total sperm counts, and total sperm motility . Pregnancy outcomes Increased frequency of spontaneous abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths . Lead crosses the placenta and can affect fetus viability as well as fetal development

How to reduce exposure?

Carpool or drive the old car less
Get the soil around the older house to be

checked for lead content such as lead paint and lead pesticide level Promoting recycling program Checking old building for lead paints

Reduction of Lead hazards in the home

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TREATMENT
Treatment for lead toxicity involves the use

of chelating agents, principally edetate calcium disodium (CaEDTA), dimercaprol, penicillamine, and succimer, which is given orally.

THANKS