by: Group 8

Contents
Definition Causes Phathophysiology Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Nursing management Prevention Health education Conclusion

Objectives
By the end of this presentation, students would be able to : Define Tuberculosis Identify the cause and transmission Understand the pathophysiology State the signs and symptoms Recognize the risk factors Learn about the treatment and the prevention of the disease Identify the nursing care management Learn the health education

Definition
Tuberculosis(TB) is a highly infectious disease spread by contact with respiratory droplets containing Mycobacteria The bacteria causing TB is known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis
It normally attacks to the lungs, but it may also be transmitted to other parts of the body including; the meninges, kidneys, bones, and lymph nodes

Cause and transmission

It is caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis bacillus)
An infected person releases small and larger droplets in to the air through talking, coughing, laughing and sneezing These droplets are inhaled by a susceptible person through air born transmission

Risk factors
Close contact with some one who has active TB Immunocompromised status Substance abuse Any person with inadequate health care Preexisting medical conditions or special treatment Immigration from countries with high prevalence of TB Institutionalization Living in overcrowded substandard housing Being in a health care worker

Phathophysiology
TB begins when a susceptible person inhales mycobacteria and gets infected The bacteria are transmitted through the airways to the alveoli where they are deposited and begins to multiply The bodys immune system responds by initiating an inflammatory reaction Phagocytes engulf many of the bacteria and TB-specific lymphocytes destroy the bacilli and normal tissue New tissue masses of live and dead bacilli are surrounded by macrophages which form a protective wall They are then transformed to a fibrous tissue mass, the central portion of which is called a Ghon tubercle The material becomes necrotic forming a cheesy mass

Signs and symptoms

Cough Hemoptysis Afternoon temperature elevation Low grade fever Night sweats Anorexia Weight loss Chest pain Lethargy Dyspnea Wheezing Clubbing of the fingers or toes Enlarged or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas

Diagnosis
Chest x-ray Sputum examination Tuberculin skin test Chest CT scan

Treatment
Treatment for TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria The most commonly used drugs are: Isoniazid Rifampin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the Mycobacterial cell wall, which makes many antibiotics ineffective and hinders the entry of drugs TB requires much longer periods of treatment (around 6 to 24 months) to entirely eliminate Mycobacteria from the body Direct exposure to sun light for several hours to kill the micro organisms

Complications
Hemorrhage Spontaneous pneumothorax Pleural effusion Tuberculosis pneumonia Other organs involvement with tuberculosis

Nursing management
Obtain history of exposure to tuberculosis Assess for symptoms of active disease Auscultate lungs for crackles Give medication regularly as prescribed Provide the information about expected side effects of TB drugs

Prevention
Wear regular and surgical mask Cover your mouth Isolate suspect patients as quickly as possible Ventilate the room Vaccinate BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) at the early stage of birth Health workers should take precautions while dealing with TB patients

Health education
Teach patient and the family about TB and the mechanism by which it is spread Explain the importance of immunization Explain the importance of taking medications regularly as prescribed Explain air born infection and isolation to patient and relatives Remind staff and visitors of need to keep door closed to enable effective function of the ventilation system Teach patient the importance of covering mouth and nose with tissue when sneezing or coughing Increase the awareness of the TB in the public

Conclusion
Tuberculosis(TB) is a highly infectious disease caused by Mycobacteria It is transmitted from one person to another through air born transmission People who are having closer contact with TB patients and with Immunocompromised status are at greater risk of getting TB Antibiotics are used to treat TB Vaccination of BCG at the early stage of birth is done to prevent TB

Thank you Any question?????

Done by: Shahuneeza Eaman Shahneeza Shausan