Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Definition of sleep:
A recurring state characterized by:
Reduced awareness of and interaction with the external environment Reduced mobility and muscular activity Partial or complete cessation of voluntary behavior and awareness of self in the environment (reversible)
Types of sleep:
Classification based on three physiologic measurements i.e., EEG, EOG & EMG Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM) Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
From A manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events American Academy of Sleep Medicine [AASM], 2007
In adults:
Stage W (wakefulness)
Stage N1 (NREM 1) Stage N2 (NREM 2) Stage N3 (NREM 3 & 4) Stage R (REM)
In children:
Stage W (wakefulness) Stage N1 (NREM 1) Stage N2 (NREM 2) Stage N3 (NREM 3 & 4) Stage N (NREM) Stage R (REM)
Wakefulness- RAS and Posterior Hypothalamus NREM Sleep- Anterior Hypothalamus REM Sleep- Pons Drugs and NT system
Wakefulness
Moruzzi, Magoun, and colleagues confirmed that waking behavior is indeed maintained by an ascending reticular activating system One branch innervates the thalamus, activating relay neurons and reticular nuclei essential for thalamocortical transmission
Two cholinergic structures In the brainstem and basal forebrain serve as the origin of these projections to the principal thalamic nuclei PPT/LDT nuclei They fire during wakefulness and REM sleep
The other branch of the ascending arousal system projects To the lateral hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and the cerebral cortex
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
DOPAMINE
RAPHE NUCLEUS
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
ACETYLCHOLINE
HISTAMINE
BASAL FOREBRAIN
POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
GLUTAMATE
This group of aminergic neurons fire maximally duringWakefulness, Slow down during NREM sleep and Nearly stop firing in REM sleep
As the day advances Orexin levels fall Stimuli to arousal system will decrease
Homeostatic Influence
Circadian influence
SCN does not send direct projection to VLPA
In mice damage to DMH causes wake-sleep cycle to become ultradian, with 7-8 wake-sleep cycles per day
Allostatic influence
Food deprivation Behavioral stress
During NREM sleep, sleep-spindles are generated by the thalamic circuitry. slow EEG waves are generated by the thalamocortical circuitry and the cortical activity. The rhythmic activity of thalamic and cortical cells prevents the sensory informations to the cortex.
REM Sleep
Three models 1. McCarley-Hobson model of reciprocal inhibition 2. Luppis model 3. Lu and coworkers model
Luppis model
Cholinergic neurons do not play a crucial role in activation of REM executive neurons
Cholinergic and aminergic neurons play a modulatory role and are not part of Flip-flop switch Two mutually inhibitory circuits cannot explain the REM periodicity Does not explain the gradually increasing duration of REM sleep throughout the night and absence of REM sleep during daytime naps
Brooks and Peever have challenged the GABAergic and Glycinergic mechanism of REM muscle atonia
REM atonia persists even when Glycine and GABA receptors are blocked There may be multiple biochemical pathways controlling muscle tone during REM Sleep
THE MYSTERY
Of Sleep continues
Thank you