Statistics

The science which deals with the collection,

classification, analysis , interpretation and use of numerical facts or data bearing on a subject matter It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.

Vital Statistics
The study of births, deaths and illnesses

occurring in a defined population The application of statistical methods and techniques to the study of vital events SERVES AS INDICES OF THE HEALTH OF A POPULATION

POPULATION - An aggregate or group of people under the study MID-YEAR POPULATION -the population of the area under study as of July 1 of the calendar HEALTH INDICATOR -List of information which would determine the health of a particular community like population, CBR, CDR, NDR, IMR, MMR and tuberculosis death rate

RATES - Refer to those calculations that imply the probability of occurrence of some event FACTORS - A figure such as 100, 1000, 10000 to which the quotient is multiplied to avoid results of a very small number RATIO -a fraction of the formula POPULATION AT RISK -the population capable of acquiring the disease

FERTILITY or BIRTH RATE

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) - Only a rough measure of fertility in a population since it makes use of mid-year population as a denominator GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) -More refined that CBR since the denominator makes use of the number of women of child bearing age

AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE - Most accurate study of fertility rates in the specified age group, impact of birth control measures can be studied

MORTALITY RATES
CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) -measures the probability of dying in a population AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR) -Both the numerator and the denominator must refer to the same group AGE and SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASSDR) CAUSE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (CSDR)

PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATE -denotes the percentage of all deaths attributed to a certain disease
SWAROOPs INDEX -it gives percentage of all deaths which occur in persons 50 years old and above

CASE FATALITY RATE -this measures the killing power of the disease

INFANT MORTALITY RATE(IMR) -Associated with acute, communicable diseases and factors like poor environment sanitation, inadequate health services -Index of economic development
FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR) -Fetal death-death prior to the complete expulsion from the mother of the product of conception, irrespective of the duration of prenancy

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) - Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium Maternal death- the death of a mother directly related to pregnancy, labor and puerperium or within 90 days from delivery

PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE( PMR) -death of the neonate occurring during the time of birth *Perinatal- 5 months before delivery and 1 week after delivery

MORBIDITY and SICKNESS RATE

INCIDENCE RATE - Measures the rapidity of occurrence of new cases ATTACK RATE -a refinement of the incidence rate, used for a limited population group usually during an outbreak of an epidemic

 PREVALENCE RATE - Most commonly used morbidity measure for

chronic diseases - Measures the proportion of the population which exhibit a particular disease at a particular time

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Sources of Data 1. Vital registration Records 2. Weekly reports from field office personnel 3. Population census 4. Health survey 5. Studies and research

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE INTERPRETATION OF RATES

1. Classification of Vital Events 2. Reckoning of age 3. Classification of disease and causes of

deaths

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
1. Definition/Classification of the event as

either the numerator or denominator 2. Accuracy of the count or event or population concerned 3. Use of correct numerator and denominator 4. Magnitude/nature of the rate

Importance of Vital Statistics to Community Care

1. Program Implementation
2. An index to the health condition of the

community 3. Provides clues to the nature of the health care services needed 4. Basis for evaluation

DEMOGRAPHY

 Is the science that deals with the study of

human population Comes from the Greek work demos, people and graphos, count The study of human population by statistical methods

Sources of Demographic Data

1. CENSUS 2. NATIONAL REGISTRATION OF VITAL

EVENTS (RA 3753) - Birth, within 30 days - Deaths, within 48 hours 3. SAMPLE SURVEY

Scope of the Demographic Data

POPULATION SIZE POPULATION COMPOSITION Sex Ratio Age Structure Dependency Ratio Age and Sex Composition 3.P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION a. urban-rural distribution b. Crowding Index c. Population Density
1. 2. a. b. c. d.

4. POPULATION DYNAMICS - Distribution of population over time a. Rate of Natural Increase b. Average Annual Increase - absolute and relative change

Significance of demographic Data to the community

1. Anticipate health problems
2. Determine the availability and need for

resources in terms of manpower, materials and money 3. Serve as basis for evaluation

ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

Raw data collected should be organized to

obtain a meaningful picture STRUCTURE of DISTRIBUTION 1. Sample Size (n) 2. Sample space (x) 3. Classes (Xi) 4. Frequency (f)

PROCEDURE in CONSTRUCTING a DISTRIBUTION

1. GROUP THE DATA IN CLASSES

a. b. c. d. 2. DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY OF EACH CLASSES

PRESENTATION of DATA
TABULAR PRESENTATION -the process of arranging observations systematically such that those belonging to the same class are put together and their frequency made apparent

Principles of TABULATION
Should be simple as possible Self-explanatory Title is separated from the body by lines or spaces or maybe placed at the bottom Vertical lines separating the columns may be

necessary (small tables) If data is not original, source should be given in the footnotes Disclose both the data upon which the conclusion is based

FORMS of TABULAR PRESENTATION

1. Simple Table

 Master table

 CORRELATION TABLE

Graphical Presentation
-diagrammatic presentation of data which

are supplements or aids to tabulations, enhances understanding of tabular presentation Structure: 1. Horizontal scale ABSCISSA 2. Vertical scale ordinate

Types of Graphs
1. BAR GRAPHS

2. HISTOGRAM

3. FREQUENCY POLYGON

 4. LINE DIAGRAM

 SCATTER POINT DIAGRAM

 COMPONENT PART DIAGRAM

Pictograph