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Prepared By : Sir Lex Mathematics Department
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Chapter 15
Prepared By: Sir Lex

TRIGONOMETRY

Tangent Of An Acute Angle Sine Of An Acute Angle Cosine Of An Acute Angle Using The Values Of Tangent, Sine And Cosine To Solve Problems.
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15.1

Tangent Of An Acute Angle In A Right-Angled Triangle

Determining And Calculating The Tangent Of An Acute Angle In a right-angled triangle PQR

The tangent of an acute angle is the value of the ratio,

TOA

Tan = Opposite side Adjacent side

hypotenuse

(a) Respect to angle x, tan x = PQ P PR (b) Respect to angle y, tan y = PR PQ

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y Q

Identifying The Hypotenuse, Opposite Side And Adjacent Side

In a right-angled triangle PQR R the side QR is the longest side,

the side PR with respect to angle y is called the opposite side.

which is opposite to the right angled (P=90) is called the hypotenuse side.

y
P Q

the side PQ with respect to angle y is called the adjacent side.

Pythagoras Theorem is frequently used calculating the length of side.
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TRIPLE SET OF PYTHAGORAS THEOREM (FREQUENTLY USED)

3, 4, 5 5 ,12 ,13 7, 24, 25 8, 15, 17

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1
C

In the diagram, ABC is a right-angled triangle. Find the value of, (a) tan (b) tan
Solution: (a) Tan = AB

4
A

AC
5 =3 4
B

Tan = opposite adjacent (TOA)

(b) Tan = AC AB
=4 3

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In the diagram, M is the mid-point of QR. Given tan = 2 , calculate the length of PM 3 From diagram Solution: Tan = 12 = 2 R QR 3 12 From question
15 cm

QR = 12 x 3 9 cm 2

M
9 cm

= 18 cm

_______ PM = 122 + 92 _______ = 144 + 81 ___ = 225

PM = 15 cm

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In the diagram, PQR and STQ are straight lines. Given tan = 3 , calculate the length of SR. 4 From diagram Solution: S Tan = 6 = 3 From question QT 4 8 ________ QT = 6 x 4 cm SR = 122 + 162 20 cm 3 T ________ = 8 cm = 144 + 256 8 cm ___ = 400 12 cm P 6 cm Q R SR = 20 cm
Pythagoras Theorem is frequently used calculating the length of side.

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In the diagram, BCD is a straight line. CD = AC and tan x = 12 , calculate tan y. 5

x

B 5 cm C
12 cm 13 cm

ll 13 cm

D Solution:
From diagram

From Tan x = 12 = 12 question

BC

BC = 5 cm Tan y = AB BD = 12 = 2 18 3
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________ AC = 122 + 52 _______ = 144 + 25 ___ = 169

AC = CD = 13 cm

In the diagram, given that tan = 1 and tan y = 2. 3 Calculate the value of x. Solution: D Tan = 8 = 1 AB 3
8 cm

A
24 cm

y
B 4 cm
x x = AB + BC = 24 + 4 = 28 cm

AB = 8 x 3 = 24 cm

Tan y = 8 = 2 BC 1
BC = 8 x 1 2 = 4 cm

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In the diagram, PQR is a straight line and PQ = QR. Calculate the value of tan y. Give your answer as decimal. ________ S PQ = 132 - 122 Solution: ________ = 169 - 144 ___ 12 = 25 = 5 13 cm cm PQ = QR = 5 cm y P ll 5 cm Q ll 5 cm R Tan y = 12 10 = 1.20

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In the diagram, PQR is a right-angled triangle. Given that tan = 2 , find the value of x. 3 Solution: R

Tan = x = 2 12 3
x = 12 x 2 3 = 8 cm

P x 8 cm

12 cm

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8
S

In the diagram, PQR is a straight line. Given that QS = 13 cm and RS = 15 cm. Find the value of tan . Solution: ________ SP = 132 - 52 _______ = 169 - 25 ___ = 144 15 cm

12 cm

13 cm

SP = 12 cm

________ PR = 152 - 122 _______ = 225 - 144 __ = 81 PR = 9 cm

P 5 cm Q
9 cm
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Tan = 12 = 4 9 3

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In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. Given that tan x = 4 , and tan y = 1 , 3 2 Find the length of AB.

Solution: Tan x = 12 = 4 BC 3 BC = 12 x 3 4 = 9 cm y A
15 cm

12 cm

x B
24 cm 9 cm

Tan y = 12 = 1 AC 2 AC = 12 x 2 1 = 24 cm AB = 24 9 = 15 cm

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10

In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezium. Find the value of tan y. Solution:

13 cm

C y
5 cm 9 E cm

______ DE = 132 - 52 _______ = 169 - 25 ___ = 144 DE = 12 cm

D
4 cm

12 cm

4 cm

Tan y = DE CE
= 12 5 =22 5

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15.2

Sine Of An Acute Angle In A Right-Angled Triangle

Determining And Calculating The Sine Of An Acute Angle In a right-angled triangle PQR

The sine of an acute angle is the value of the ratio,

SOH

Sine = Opposite side Hypotenuse side

hypotenuse

(a) Respect to angle x, sin x = PQ QR

y P Q

(b) Respect to angle y, sin y = PR QR

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In the diagram, ABC and BDE are straight lines. 1 Calculate the value of sin a. Give your answer in 2 decimal places. Solution: 7 cm B 5 cm C ________ A BE = 252 - 72 _______ 12 cm 13 cm = 625 - 49 a ___ 25 cm D = 576 = 24
12 cm

ll ll

BD = DE = 12 cm Sin a = 5 13

E
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= 0.38
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In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. Given that sin x = 1 , find the value of y in cm. 2 D 16 cm y 8 cm x Solution: ________ DB = 102 - 62 _______ C = 100 - 36 __ = 64

10 cm

6 cm

Sin x = 8 = 1 y 2
y = 8 x2 1 = 16 cm
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DB = 8 cm

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In the diagram, BCE is a straight line. C is the midpoint of BE. Find the value of sin x. E 8 cm x 6 cm Solution: D
______ CE = 102 - 82 _______ = 100 - 64 __ = 36 CE = BC = 6 cm ______ AB = 132 - 122 ________ = 169 - 144 __ = 25 AB = 5 cm

10 cm

13 cm

C
6 cm

5 cm

Sin x = AB = 5 AE 13

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In the diagram, JMK, KML and JNM are right-angled triangles. JK = KL = JN = NM = 2 cm. Find the value of sin x. Solution: M ______ _____ 2 cm MJ = 22 + 22 MK = 22 + 8
_ 8 cm

N
2 cm

x
__ 12 cm

4 cm

____ = 4 + 4 __ = 8

__ = 12 ______ ML = 22 + 12 __ = 16 =4

ll
J

2 cm K

2 cm

Sin x = KL = 2 = 1 ML 4 2

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In the diagram, ABCD is a quadrilateral. Find the value of sin x. Solution: C

26 cm

x
24 cm

D
6 cm 10 cm 8 cm

______ BD = 62 + 82 ______ = 36 + 64 ___ = 100 BD = 10 cm

_______ CD = 242 + 102 _______ = 576+100 ___ = 676 CD = 26 cm

Sin x = BD = 10 = 5 CD 26 13

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In the diagram, PRQ is a chord of the circle with centre O. Given that sin x = 5 , find the length of PQ. 13
S Solution:
Sin x = 2.5 = 5 OP 13
_________ PR = 6.52 2.52 __________ = 42.25 6.25 ___ = 36 PR = 6 cm

O
6.5 cm

2.5 cm

OP = 2.5 x 13 5

x
6 cm

= 6.5 cm

PQ = 6 x 2 = 12 cm

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In the diagram, JKL is an isosceles triangle. Find the value of sin x. Solution: L
30 cm 24 cm ______ LM = 302 -182 ________ = 900 - 324 ___ = 576

x
18 cm J 18 cm 36M cm

LM = 24 cm

Sin x = LM = 24 = 4 LK 30 5

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8
D

In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. If sin CAD = 4 , find the length of BC, in cm. 5 Solution: 32 cm C
Sin CAD = 32 = 4 AD 5 AD = 32 x 5 4 = 40 cm
18 cm 40 cm 24 cm

B
6 cm

BC = 24 6 = 18 cm

_______ AC = 402- 322 _________ = 1600-1024 ___ = 576 AC = 24 cm

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30 cm

23

In the diagram, JKLM is a rectangle and NML is a straight line. If tan x = 5 , Find the value of sin y. 12
J
x
6 cm

Solution:
Tan x = NM = 5 JM 12
______ JN = 52+122 ________ = 25 + 144 ____ = 169 JN = 13 cm

13 cm 12 cm

NM = 5 cm JM = 12 cm

N 5 cm M

Sin y = JM = 12 JN 13

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10

In the diagram, AEC is a straight line. Given that sin x = 2 , calculate the length of AE, in cm. 3 Solution:
D
6 cm

Sin x = 6 = 2 EC 3

A 3 cm E 12 cm 9 cm
15 cm

C
9 cm

EC = 6 x 3 2 = 9 cm

AE = 12 9 = 3 cm

______ AC = 152- 92 ________ = 225 - 81 ____ = 144

AC = 12 cm

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15.3

Cosine Of An Acute Angle In A Right-Angled Triangle

Determining And Calculating The Cosine Of An Acute Angle In a right-angled triangle PQR

The sine of an acute angle is the value of the ratio,

CAH

Cosine = Adjacent side Hypotenuse side

hypotenuse

(a) Respect to angle x, Cos x = PR P QR (b) Respect to angle y, Cos y = PQ QR

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y Q

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Find the value of cos in the diagram shown.

CAH
Solution:
A
12 cm 15 cm ______ AB = 152- 92 ________ = 225 - 81 ____ = 144 AC = 12 cm 9 cm Cos = Adjacent Hypotenuse

Cos = AB BC = 12 15 =4 5

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In the diagram shown, tan = 3 , 4 Find the value of cos . C

10 cm

6 cm

Solution:
tan = BC = 3 BD 4 BD = 4 x 2 = 8 cm
______ AB = 152+ 82 ________ = 225 + 64 ____ = 289 AB = 17 cm

8 cm

15 cm

17 cm

Cos = AD = 15 AB 17
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A
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3
C
6 cm

In the diagram, ADC is a straight line. Given that sin x = 3 , Find the value of cos y. 5 Solution:
10 cm 8 cm x

sin x = CD = 3 10 5
B CD = 10 x 3 5

D
21 cm

15 cm

= 6 cm
y 17 cm

______ AB = 152+ 82 ________ = 225 + 64 ____ = 289 AB = 17 cm

Cos y = AD = 15 AB 17

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4
T

In the diagram, PQS is a straight line and PQ = PS. Find the value of cos y. Solution:
y 10 cm Pythagoras Theorem : 3 , 4 , 5 is proportional to 6 , 8 , 10 ______ TS = 62+ 82 ________ = 36 + 64 ____ = 100 TS = 10 cm

6 cm

4 cm Q

ll

4 ll cm 5 cm

S
3 cm

Cos y = 6 = 3 10 5

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In the diagram, RST is a straight line and. If sin y = 5 , find the value of cos y. 13 Solution:
U
x 9 cm 14 cm 12 cm y 13 cm

sin y = ST = 5 13 13 ST = 5 cm

S
5 cm

T Cos y = SU = 12 TU 13
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______ US = 132- 52 ________ = 169 - 25 ____ = 144 US = 12 cm

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6 In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle. Calculate the

value of cos x, give your answer as a decimal.
Solution: D 12 cm C
_______ US = 152- 122 ________ = 225 -144 ____ = 81

9 cm x A

15 cm

US = 9 cm

12 cm
Pythagoras Theorem : 3 , 4 , 5 is proportional to 9, 12 , 15

Cos x = AD = 9 AC 15 = 0.60

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In the diagram, RSTU is a square. Find the value of cos y. Solution:

U 9 cm V 3 cm T

y
12 cm

15 cm

______ RV = 122+ 92 ________ = 144 + 81 ____ Cos y = UV = 9 = 225 RV 15 RV = 15 cm =3 5

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8 In the diagram, cos x = 3. Calculate the length of BC.

5 Solution:
Cos x = 9 = 3 AD 5 ______ AC = 152- 92 ________ = 225 - 81 ____ = 144

9 cm

x
12 cm

AD = 5 x 9 3
= 15 cm
13 cm

15 cm

5 cm B

AC = 12 cm _______ BC = 122 + 52 ________ = 144 + 25 ____ = 169 BC = 13 cm

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In the diagram, BCD is a straight line. Given that cos x = 4 , calculate cos y. 7 D C Solution:
Cos x = AC = 4 AD 7 AC = 4 cm

7 cm

x 4 cm y
A 8 cm B

Cos y = AC = 4 AB 8
= 1 2

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10

In the diagram, PQRS is a square. Given that U is the mid-point of QR, find the value of cos y. Solution:
______ TU = 82 + 62 _______ = 64 + 36 ____ = 100

4 cm T

8 cm

R
6 cm 6 cm

y ll
10 cm
12 cm

U ll

TU = 10 cm
Cos y = TR = 8 TU 10 = 4 5

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The Three Trigonometric Ratios That Are Best Remembered Using The Following Mnemonics.

TOA

Tan = Opposite side Adjacent side

SOH

Sine = Opposite side Hypotenuse side Cosine = Adjacent side Hypotenuse side

CAH

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30 3

The three special angles between 0 and 90 whose trigonometric ratios are exact. a) 30 b) 45 c) 60

Angle 0 30

tan 0 1 3 1 3

sin 0 1 2 1 2 3 2 1

cos 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 0

60 1

45 60 90

45 1

1
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The tangent of an angle decreases when the size The cosine an angle increases when thethe size The sine of increases when size of thethe angle increases.ItItlies from 0to 0. of angle increases. It between to 1. of the angle increases. liesliesfrom 01to .
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The value of sine is equal to the value of cosine in any right-angled triangle. Cos = Sin Sin = Cos
Respect to
a) Tan = 3 4 Respect to a) Tan = 4 3

4 cm

5 cm

b) Sin = 3 5 c) Cos = 4 5

b) Sin = 4 5
c) Cos = 3 5

3 cm
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Changing The Measurement Units Of Angles

The unit of measurement of angle is degree (). The size of an angle is measured using a protractor. It small division on it represents one degree (1).

1 = 60 1 = 1 60

A sixtieth part of a degree is known as a minute (1) The unit of measurement of angle can be changed * from degrees to degrees and minutes. * from degrees and minute to degrees.

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Converting from degrees to degrees and minutes

a) 16.5
= 16 + 0.5

c) 56.4
= 56 + 0.4

= 16 + 0.5 x 60
= 16 30

= 56 + 0.4 x 60
= 56 24

b) 72.8
= 72 + 0.8 = 72 + 0.8 x 60

d) 39.9
= 39 + 0.9 = 39 + 0.9 x 60

= 72 48
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= 39 54
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Converting from degrees and minutes to degrees.

a) 45 24
= 45 + 24 60 = 45 + 0.4 = 45.4

c) 68 18
= 68 + 18 60 = 68 + 0.3 = 68.3

b) 32 36
= 32 + 36 60 = 32 + 0.6

d) 18 12
= 18 + 12 60 = 18 + 0.2

= 32.6
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= 18.2
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Finding The Values Of Tangent, Sine And Cosine Using The Scientific Calculator.

a) Sin 40 = 0.6428 b) Sin 65.3 = 0.9085

d) Cos 45.7 = 0.6984 e) Tan 6518 = 2.1741

c) Cos 2536 = 0.9018

f) Tan 16.3 = 0.2924

Scientific calculators can be used to determine the values of tangent, sine and cosine of an acute angle and the values of angle , if the values of tangent, sine and cosine are given.
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Finding The Values Of Tangent, Sine And Cosine Using The Scientific Calculator.

a) Sin x = 0.8211 x = 5511 b) Sin x = 0.5000 x = 30

d) Cos x = 0.8660 x = 30 e) Tan x = 1.732 x = 60

c) Cos x = 0.6428 x = 50

f) Tan x = 1.625 x = 5824

Scientific calculators can be used to determine the values of tangent, sine and cosine of an acute angle and the values of angle , if the values of tangent, sine and cosine are given.
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Finding The Values Of Tangent, Sine And Cosine Without Using The Scientific Calculator. Example: 4 sin 30 - 3 cos 60 30 45 60 __ =4x13x1 __ 1 tan 1 3 2 2 3 sin 30 45
__ 3 2

60

= 2 1

__ 1 2
30

__ 1 2
45 __ 1 2

5(tan 45) + 2(cos 60)

=5x1+2x =5+1

__ 3 cos 2
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60 __ 1 2

=6
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Find the length y, of each side in each of the following. c) a) b) y 5 cm 40 60 5 cm 8 cm y 6.13 cm 10 cm y 50 4.2 cm y = sin 50 8 y = cos 60 10 y = tan 40 5 y = tan 40 x 5 y = 0.8391 x 5 y = 4.20 cm
47

y = sin 50 x 8
y = 0.7660 x 8 y = 6.13 cm
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y = cos 60 x 10
y = 0.5 x 10 y = 5 cm
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2 Find the values of tangent, sine and cosine of

x and y in each of the following.
b) 32 cm y 8 cm ll 13 S c) 17 cm y 6 cm x P 12 Q 15 Given sin x = 3 5 find tan y. a) 6 cm

5
8 cm ll

8 x 10 cm

10 cm

Given cos y = , find cos x.

Given tan SPQ = 5 12 express sin SPQ.

cos x = 6 10 x= 3 5
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Sin SPQ
= 5 13
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tan y,
= 8 15
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3
a)

Find the value of angles x in each of the following. b) 6 cm x 3 cm 4 cm x x 5 cm c) 12 cm 6 cm

Cos x = 3 =0.5 6 x = 60

tan x = 5 = 1.25 4 x =5120

sin x = 6 = 0.5 12 x = 30

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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios A see-saw is 2.6 m long and one end is touching the ground and making an angle 30. Calculate the height of the other end of the sea-saw.

Solution:

2.6 m
30

h = sin 30 2.6

h = 1 x 2.6 2
= 1.3 m
30
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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios

A ladder of a length 4.5 m reaches the top of a wall 3 m tall. Find the angle that the ladder makes with the wall. Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
Solution:

cos = 3_ 4.5

4.5 m

3m

= 0.6667
= 48.2
Use a scientific calculator to find out the value of cos .

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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios

Luqman flying a kite lets out 240 m of string. If the string taut (slanting) and makes an angle of 70 with the ground, find the height of the kite.
Solution:

h = sin 70 240 h = sin 70 x 240 = 0.9397 x 240

70 240 m

= 225.5 m
Use a scientific calculator to find out the value of sin 70.
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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios

Khairul is waving a flag 6.6 m high and the rays of the sun are inclined at the angle of 55. Find the length of the shadow cast by the flagpole.
Solution:

tan 55 = 6.6 a
a = 6.6__ tan 55 = 6.6 1.43
6.6 m

Use a scientific calculator to find out the value of tan 55.

= 4.62 m

55 a
53

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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios Hazmir is painting wall. A ladder 3.5 m long leans against the wall and makes an angle 48 with the ground. How long, (a) does the ladder reach up the wall. (b) is the foot at the ladder from the wall.

Solution: (a) x = sin 48 3.5 x = sin 48 x 3.5 = 0.7431 x 3.5 = 2.6 m

(b) y = cos 48 3.5 y = cos 48 x 3.5 = 0.6691 x 3.5

3.5 m

x
48

= 2.34 m

y
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Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios

Amin is fishing at a river. His boat is tied by a rope to concrete wall on a river bank. The wall is 5 m above the water level. The rope makes an angle 35 with the wall. Find the length of the rope.
Solution: sin 35 = 5 r

rope
5m

r =
=

5__ sin 35
5__ 0.5736

35

= 8.72 m
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The length of the rope is 8.72 m

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10

Solving problems involving trigonometric ratios

The figure shows the side view of a C building with its roof shown. CAB is 45 Find the length of AC in m, correct to 1 A 45 17 cm decimal place.
Solution: cos 45 = 17 AC AC = = 17__ cos 45 17__ 0.7071
34 m

= 24.0 m

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Most research is a straight line from the tangent of a well-known assumption to the center of a foregone conclusion.

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