BACTERI A

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Living things are either classified into eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Eukaryotes include plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and algae. Prokaryotes include bacteria and

archaea.
TRIVIA What do the bacteria Lactobacillus burglaricous and Streptococcus thermophilus have in common? Both must be present in a product for it to be labeled yogurt under U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations.

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Prokaryot es

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Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Their outer surface called cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan. Unlike viruses, bacteria possess both DNA & RNA. Unlike eukaryotic cells, they do not have true nucleus, lack mitochondria & have smaller ribosones (70 Svedberg units).
TRIVIA Microfossils of bacteria living 3.4 billion years ago were found in Australia. Earth had no oxygen at the time the bacteria existed. The finding from a remote region of Western Australia lends hope that life has existed on Mars.

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CLASSIFICATION
Bacterial Classification Based on Shapes
Most of the bacteria belong to three main shapes:

E.COLI

Rod-shaped

bacteria are called bacilli e.g. E.Coli and Salmonella

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Sphericalshaped bacteria are called cocci e.g. Staphylococc us and Streptococcus

Staphylococc us

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Borellia

Borellia infection in human

Spiral-shaped bacteria are called spirilla - e.g. Treponema and Borellia 3/15/12

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Bacteria are also classified based on the requirement of oxygen for their survival

Aerobic bacteria Bacteria that need oxygen for their survival.

Anaerobic

bacteria - Bacteria that do not require oxygen for survival.

TRIVIA Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis has ravaged the world for centuries, also known as consumption. It has been found in the spines of mummies and "in 2007 there were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases, 9.3 million new cases, and 1.8 million deaths, mostly in developing countries" according to the WHO. The organization has started a program that aims at saving 14 million lives between 2006 and 2015.

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Aerobicbacteria, Staphylococcus aureus,, cultured on an agar plate

Clostridium perfringensbacteriaare AnaerobicFood-Borne Pathogens

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Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria

This is one of the most important classification types as it takes into account the most important aspect of bacterial growth and reproduction

Autotrophic

bacteria (also known as autotrophs) obtain the carbon it requires from carbon dioxide.

Heterotrophic

bacteria obtain sugar from the environment they are in (for example, the living cells or organisms they are in).

TRIVIA Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times.

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Bacterial Classification Based on Environment

As we mentioned earlier, bacteria are found in all types of environment. While some species of bacteria can withstand extreme conditions, others need specific moderate conditions to survive. On the basis on environmental conditions of their habitat, bacteria are classified into:

Mesophiles - which require moderate conditions to survive. Neutrophiles - which require moderate conditions to survive. Extremophiles - which can survive in extreme conditions. Acidophiles - which can tolerate low pH conditions. Alkaliphiles - which can tolerate high pH conditions. Thermophiles - which can resist high temperature. Psychrophilic bacteria - which can survive 3/15/12

DIAGNOSTIC TEST
SIMPLE STAINS These make use of a single dye which can either be water or alcohol based. It is used primarily to color the organism and to demonstrate its shape and basic structure. Examples are crystal violet, carbon fuchsin, methylene blue and saffranin
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DIFFERENTIAL STAINS

These are used to differentiate one group of bacteria from another group. There are two types of differential staining procedures, namely:

1)

Gram stain - distinguishes Grampositive bacteria from Gramnegative bacteria.

Gram- positive bacteria stain purple or blue, while Gram- negative bacteria stain red or pink.

Gramstainof Renibacterium salmoninarum

All cocci are Gram- positive, except for Neisseria, Veillonella and Branhamelia

All bacilli are Gram- negative, except for

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2.) Acid fast Stain stain used for those bacteria with high lipid

content in their cell wall, hence cannot be stained using Gram stain. There are two methods of acid- fast staining, namely:

Ziel Neelsen stain also known as the hot method, because it requires steam- bathing the organism with aqueous dye. Kinyoun stain also known as the cold method, as it does not utilize heat for staining. Acid- fast bacilli stain red with either a blue or green background, depending on the method used. The background is blue when the ZielNeelsen method is used, and green when the method is Kinyoun. All Mycobacteria are acid-fast. Nocardia are only partially acid-fast.

acidfaststainof Mycobacterium lepraebacteria 3/15/12

3. Special Stains these are to demonstrate specific structures in a bacterial cell. For instance, metachromatic granules can be visualized using the LAMB (Loeffler alkaline methylene blue) stain. Other special stain includes Hiss stain, for demonstration of the capsule or slime layer; Dyer stain, for the cell wall; Fischer- Conn stain, for flagella; Dorner and Schaeffer, and Fulton stains, for spores; and India ink (or nigrosin) , for the demonstration of the capsule of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

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CULTURE MEDIA The use of staining procedures can only give us a clue as to what probable organism is being studied. In order to identify a specific organism , culture using specific culture media is the most ideal. Media (medium) are use to grow microorganism. A culture medium is basically an aqueous solution to which all the necessary nutrients have been added.

Cultureof Pseudomonas aeruginosabacter ia

Cultureof Salmonella typhibacteria 3/15/12

TRIVIA The skin of the armpits can harbor up to 516,000 bacteria per square inch, while drier areas, such as the forearm, have only about 13,000 bacteria per square inch.
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Thank You
Maricris T. Peregrino BSN 4Y-1 2012
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