Lecture 17 Shear Design

July 16, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Shear beam example for a beam
Shear design for slab
Slab design example
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
f
c
= 4000 psi
f
y
= 60 ksi
w
sdl
= 1.2 k/ft
w
ll
= 1.8 k/ft
f
ys
= 40 ksi
w
b
= 0.5 k/ft
From flexural design:
will use either a #3 or #4 stirrup
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Consider the pattern loading on the beam and
determine the envelope of absolute maximum shear
along the beam for a symmetric beam with uniformly
distributed loads, a straight line drawn between the
maximum at the end and midspan is adequate.
( )
u n
u max
2
w l
V =
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The maximum shear is


where,
( )
u n
u max
2
w l
V =
( ) ( )
u D L
1.2 1.6
1.2 1.2 k/ft 0.5 k/ft 1.6 1.8 k/ft
4.92 k/ft
w w w = +
= + +
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The maximum shear is



Note:
( )
( )( )
u max
4.92 k/ft 35 ft
2
86.1 k
V =
=
Multiply by 1.15 for end moments @ face of
1
st
internal support when using ACI shear
coefficient 1.15 V
umax
(section 8.3)
( )
( )
u max
1.15 86.1 k 99.02 k V = =
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The wall is an interior section so the coefficient is 1.0.
For shear the reduction factor, |, is 0.75.




u
n
86.1 k
114.8 k
0.75
V
V
|
=
= =
How do you get maximum shear the center?
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
There is no pattern
load for dead loads

V
dl
=0 @ center




Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
There is a pattern load for
live loads at the center of
the beam
( )
( )( )
u max
1.6 1.8 k/ft 35 ft
8
12.6 k
V =
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Compute the V
u max
at the center
( )
u max
n
12.6 k
16.8 k
0.75
V
V
|
=
= =
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The shear envelope can be constructed using the values
of two maximum at the two location end and the
center.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Calculate the equation of the line to bound the shear
force and
( )
n 0
V x mx V = +
center 0
0
2
V V
m
L

The slope of the

shear forces.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Calculate the equation of the line to bound the shear
force and

0
16.8 k 114.8 k
5.6 k/ft
17.5 ft 0
114.8 k
m
V

= =

=
( )
n
5.6 114.8 V x x = +
1
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Calculate the capacity of the concrete

( )( )
c c w
2
1 kip
2 4000 15 in. 26.2 in.
1000
49.7 k
V f b d =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
2
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Calculate 0.5 of V
c
to check to see if shear
reinforcement is needed.

c
49.7 k
24.9 k
2 2
V
= =
2
114.8 k > 0.5*V
c
Need shear reinforcement
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Determine the stirrup spacing requirement, A
v
for the
calculations

( )
( )
2 2
v
2 2
v
#3: 2 0.11 in 0.22 in
#4: 2 0.20 in 0.40 in
A
A
= =
= =
3
The area, A
v
, is twice
the area of the bars
A
b
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The minimum spacing (11.5.5.3 ACI)

3
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
v y
w
2
0.22 in 40000 psi
. 11.7 in. for #3
50 50 15 in
0.40 in 40000 psi
. 21.3 in. for #4
50 15 in
A f
s
b
s = =
= =
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The allowable maximum spacing

3
( )
max
26.2 in
13.1 in.
2 2
24 in.
d
s s = =
s
The maximum spacing is 13.1 in.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Check the maximum allowable steel shear force

( )( )
s c w
4
1 kip
4 4000 15 in. 26.2 in.
1000
99.4 k
V f b d s
| |
s
|
\ .
s
4
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Check the maximum allowable steel shear force

s c n n c c w
4
65.1 k 99.4 k
V V V V V f b d + = s
s
4
Reinforcements can be used for shear
reinforcement. The beam does not need to be
redesigned.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Strength requirement is given as:

Instead of solving for s, we can plot the V
c
+ V
s
,
where
( )
v ys v ys
s n c
A f d A f d
s
V V V
s =

s v ys
d
V A f
s
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Using this technique (ACI 11.3.1), various A
v
and
spacing s can be used.
The maximum V is determined at the distance,d
from the wall.

( )
n
1 ft
5.6 k/ft 26.2 in. 114.8 k
12 in.
102.6 k
V x
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
The shear force are
Shear Design
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20
Distance (ft)
S
h
e
a
r

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
i
p
s
)
V
req
V
c
V
c
/ 2
102.6 k
16.8 k
d
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
This is one possibly form to check
Bars number A spacing (in)
#4 1 0.2 4
#4 8 0.2 7
#4 6 0.2 9
#3 8 0.11 12
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
There always going to be a shear reinforcement close
to the support. Use the minimum spacing, 4 in., so
that the first stirrup has 4 in. Spacing can be
computed as:
( )
( )( )
( )
n c
2
v ys
s
102.6 k and 49.7 k
0.4 in 40 ksi 26.2 in
102.6 k 49.7 k
7.92 in.
V V
A f d
s
V
s
= =
s =

s
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
If we are using 8 #4 stirrups @ 7 in. spacing, (7 in.
is less than 7.92 in.) So,
( )
( )
( )
2
s v ys
s
n s c
26.2 in
0.4 in 40 ksi
7 in.
59.9 k
59.9 k 49.7 k 109.6 k
102.6 k 109.6 k
d
V A f
s
V
V V V
= =
=
= + = + =
s
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Compute the location of the point and find


Compute V
n

( )
4 in. 8 7 in. 60 in. 5 ft. x = + =
( ) ( )
n
5.6 k/ft 5 ft. 114.8 k
86.8 k
V x = +
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Compute the next spacing
( )
( )( )
( )
n c
2
v ys
s
86.8 k and 49.7 k
0.4 in 40 ksi 26.2 in
86.8 k 49.7 k
11.3 in.
V V
A f d
s
V
s
= =
s =

s
Use s = 9 in., which is find for #4 bar. Trying to fit
the reinforcement inside the beam.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
If we are using 6 #4 stirrups @ 9 in. spacing, 9 in. is
less than 11.3 in. So,
( )
( )
( )
2
s v ys
s
n s c
26.2 in
0.4 in 40 ksi
9 in.
46.6 k
46.6 k 49.7 k 96.3 k
86.8 k 96.3 k
d
V A f
s
V
V V V
= =
=
= + = + =
s
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Compute the location of the point and find


Compute V
n

( )
60 in. 6 9 in. 114 in. 9.5 ft. x = + =
( ) ( )
n
5.6 k/ft 9.5 ft. 114.8 k
61.6 k
V x = +
=
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Use a # 3 bar for
( )
( )( )
( )
n c
2
v ys
s
61.6 k and 49.7 k
0.22 in 40 ksi 26.2 in
61.6 k 49.7 k
19.4 in.
V V
A f d
s
V
s
= =
s =

s
Use s = 12 in., because the s
max
is 13.1 in.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
If we are using 8 #3 stirrups @ 12 in. spacing, 12 in.
is less than 13.1 in. So,
( )
( )
( )
2
s v ys
s
n s c
26.2 in
0.22 in 40 ksi
12 in.
19.2 k
19.2 k 49.7 k 68.9 k
61.6 k 68.9 k
d
V A f
s
V
V V V
= =
=
= + = + =
s
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Compute the location of the point and find


This is at the middle of the beam. Under V
c
/2 no
stirrups are need other than the minimum.
( )
114 in. 8 12 in. 210 in. 17.5 ft. x = + =
Shear Design
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20
Distance (ft)
S
h
e
a
r

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
i
p
s
)
V
s
+ V
c
V
req
V
c
V
c
/ 2
8 #4 @ 7 in. V
n
= 109.6 k
6 #4 @ 9 in. V
n
= 96.3 k
8 #3 @ 12 in. V
n
= 68.9 k
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
There is a mistake for the problem! What is the
error?
The spacing of the #3 bar is 12 in. and the
max spacing between bars is 11.7 in., so
go back and redesign. Easy way would
be to use #4 instead of #3 bars.
Example: Design of Stirrups to
Resist Shear
Shear Design
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20
Distance (ft)
S
h
e
a
r

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
i
p
s
)
V
s
+ V
c
V
req
V
c
V
c
/ 2
8 #4 @ 7 in. V
n
= 109.6 k
6 #4 @ 9 in. V
n
= 96.3 k
8 #4 @ 12 in. V
n
= 84.6 k
Discontinuities at Bar Cutoff
Prohibits flexural bar cutoffs in zone of
flexural tension, unless 1 of the following
is satisfied.
ACI 12.10.5
(1)

(2)
( )
s c n u
*
3
2
*
3
2
cutoff @ V V V V + = s | |
Extra stirrups are provided at the cutoff points.
(See Sec. 12.10.5.2 for details)
Discontinuities at Bar Cutoff
Prohibits flexural bar cutoffs in zone of
flexural tension, unless 1 of the
following is satisfied.
ACI 12.10.5
For No 11 bars & smaller



Increase shear strength is required
when bars are cutoff in a tension zone.
( )
( )
ent reinforcem continuing for 2
required s
provided s
>
A
A
( )
s c n u
*
4
3
*
4
3
cutoff @ and V V V V + = s | |
(3)

Joist Design
Flat slab reinforcement is calculated for
bending or minimum reinforcement for
shrinkage and temperature.
GR 40 or GR 50 0.0020 A
g

GR 60 0.0018 A
g

(ACI Sec 7.12.2 )

(1)
Refer to earlier notes for general information on
joist layout. ACI Sec. 8.11 Joist construction
requirements
Joist Design
Shear Design of Joist Ribs (Joist - Section 8.11) (2)



Shear strength may be increased using
shear reinforcement or by widening the
ends of the ribs (not typical)
(a)
(b)
( )
( )
c c
c c w c w
Allowable 1.10*
1.1 2 2.2
V V
V f b d f b d | | |
=
= =
Joist Design
ACI shear and moment coefficients may be used
if requirements in ACI Sec 8.3.3 are met.

Ribs are designed as T- Sections. Main positive
reinforcement includes at least 2 bars.
(3)
(4)
Joist Design
Tie beams.
(a) one, if L is 15 ft. - 20 ft.
(b) two, if L is 20 ft. - 30 ft.
At least 1- #4 T-B (continuous)
Cover
#11 and smaller 3/4 in.
# 14, # 18 1 1/2 in.
(5)
(6)
Not exposed to
weather
One-Way Slab Design
Design of one slabs is like design of parallel 12 beams.
Thickness of One-Way Slabs
Minimum thickness for solid one-way slabs not
supporting or attached or attached to partitions,
etc. Likely to be damaged by large deflections:
ACI Table 9.5(a)

One-Way Slab Design

Thickness of One-Way Slabs
The table calculates
the minimum
thickness t ( l = span
length in inches)

(normal weight
concrete f
y
= 60 ksi
see code for
modification factors)
One-Way Slab Design
Thickness of One-Way Slabs Table A-14
t
min
, when damage to non-structural components
may occur
One-Way Slab Design
Thickness of One-Way Slabs
Fire Rating
This is equal to the number of hours for unexposed
surface to rise a set amount usually 250
o
F
3.50 in. 1 hour
5.00 in. 2 hours
6.25 in. 3 hours
Cover for Slab Reinforcement
ACI Sec. 7.7.1 (min. cover for corrosion protection)
( 1.) Concrete exposed to earth or weather.
( 2.) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather.
#5 and smaller = 1.5 in.
#6 and larger = 2.0 in.
#11 and smaller = 0.75 in.
Min. covers for fire ratings should also be considered.
One-Way Slab Design
Reinforcement
Typical Reinforcement in a one-way slab:
One-Way Slab Design
Cutoffs
If requirements for use of ACI Moment Coefficients:
Figure 10.9 text one-way slab (ref. ACI Committee 315
ACI Detail Manual 1980)
One-Way Slab Design
Need to confirm thickness is adequate for one-way
shear. Difficult to place shear reinforcement in a slab.
Minimum area of shear reinforcement required in slabs
if
( ) d b f V
V V
w c c
c u
2

| |
|
=
s ACI Sec. 11.5.5.1
ACI Eqn. 11-3 Usual use
One-Way Slab Example
The cross section of a continuous one-way solid slab
in a building is shown. The slabs are supported by
beams that span 24 ft. Between simple supports.
The dead load on the slabs is that due to self-weight
plus 60 psf; The live load is 120 psf. Design the
continuous slab and draw a detailed section. Given:
f
c
= 3 ksi, f
y
= 40 ksi.
One-Way Slab Example
Determine the thickness of the slab.
12 ft.
Minimum thickness
of interior bay:
12 in.
12 ft
1 ft.
5.14 in.
28 28
L
h
| |
|
\ .
= = =
One-Way Slab Example
Use h= 6 in.
Dead weight
b
coverage
2
0.5 in.
6 in. 0.75 in. 5.0 in.
2
d
d h =
= =
( )
sl
3 2
2
1 ft
6 in. 150 lb/ft 60 lb/ft
12 in.
135 lb/ft
DL h DL = +
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
One-Way Slab Example
Determine the load on the floor
For slab design is seldom > 0.01. Use c/d = 0.2
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1.2 1.6
1.2 135 lb/ft 1.6 120 lb/ft
354 lb/ft 0.354 k/ft
U DL LL = +
= +
=
( )( )( )
( )( )
1
u c 1
0.85 1
2
0.85 0.2
0.85 3 ksi 0.85 0.2 1 0.397 ksi
2
k
R f k
|
|
(
=
(

(
= =
(

One-Way Slab Example
Find the coefficient of the moment diagram
The maximum moment is
( )
2
2
2
u n
u
0.354 k/ft 11 ft.
10 10
4.28 k-ft/ft
w l
M = =
=
One-Way Slab Example
Find the design d for a one-foot strip
If b =12-in. then d = 3.46-in., which for c/d = 0.2,
so d = 5-in., the slab is OK.
u
2
u
3
12 in.
4.28 k-ft/ft
ft
0.9
R 0.397 ksi
143.9 in / ft
M
bd
|
| |
|
\ .
= =
=
One-Way Slab Example
Find the coefficient of the shear
The maximum shear is
( )
2
u
u v
0.354 k/ft 11 ft.
1.15
2 2
2.24 k/ft
w l
V C = =
=
One-Way Slab Example
Check the shear capacity of the slab
( )
( )( )
( )
u c w
0.75 2
0.75 2 3000 12 in. 5 in. 4930 lb.
4.93 k > 2.24 k
V f b d | =
= =
=
Use h = 6-in., d = 5-in. and w
u
= 0.354 k/ft
One-Way Slab Example
Minimum about of steel is (use ACI 7.12 )
( )
( )( )
s min
2
0.0020 0.002 12 in. 6 in.
0.144 in
A bh = =
=
Moment capacity of the slab (12-in. beam)
u s y
2
a
M A f d |
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
0.925 0.925 5 in. 4.625 in.
2
a
d d ~ = =
Assume
One-Way Slab Example
Compute the moments
Moment capacity of the beam
A B C D E
l
n
11 ft. 11 ft. 11 ft. 11 ft. 11 ft.
M
coef
1/24 1/14 1/10 1/11 1/16
M
u
1.78 k-ft 3.06 k-ft 4.28 k-ft 3.89 k-ft 2.68 k-ft
A
min
0.144 in
2
0.144 in
2
0.144 in
2
0.144 in
2
0.144 in
2
A
s
0.128 in
2
0.221 in
2
0.309 in
2
0.280 in
2
0.193 in
2
One-Way Slab Example
Compute the moments
( )
( )
( )( )
2
u
u u
s
y
y
2
0.354 k/ft 11 ft
1.78 k-ft
24
0.925
2
12 in.
1.78 k-ft
ft
0.129 in
0.9 40 ksi 4.625 in.
M
M M
A
a
f d
f d
|
|
= =
= ~
| |

|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
= =
One-Way Slab Example
Check the assumption
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
s
2
0.129 in 40 ksi
0.168 in.
0.85 3 ksi 12 in.
0.168 in.
5 in. 4.92 in.
2 2
12 in.
1.78 k-ft
ft
0.9 40 ksi 4.92 in.
0.121 in
a
a
d
A
= =
(
= =
(

| |
|
\ .
=
=
Assumption will work!
One-Way Slab Example
Use #4 bar A
b
= 0.2 in
2
The maximum spacing ACI 7.6.4
The spacing on the first location
( )
3 3 6 in. 18 in. h = =
b
b req
req
12 in.
s 12 in.
s
A
A A
A
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
2
2
0.2 in
s 12 in. 16.67 in.
0.144 in
| |
= =
|
\ .
maximum spacing
One-Way Slab Example
Select 15 in. for the spacing to calculate the
provided area.
( )
( )
b
s provided
2
2
12 in.
s
12 in.
0.2 in
15 in.
0.16 in
A A
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
One-Way Slab Example
Actual spacing.
A B C D E
s 16.67 in 10.68 in 7.77 in 8.57 in 12.43 in
s
chosen
15 in. 9 in. 6 in. 6 in. 9 in.
4 @ 15 in. 4 @ 9 in. 4 @ 6 in. 4 @ 6 in. 4 @ 9 in.
A
provided
0.16 in
2
0.267 in
2
0.4 in
2
0.4 in
2
0.267 in
2
A
s(req)
0.144 in
2
0.221 in
2
0.309 in
2
0.280 in
2
0.193 in
2
One-Way Slab Example
Summary