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Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
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Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization Self-fertilization can occur in the same flower Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers
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Mendels Experiments
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Antagonistic Pairs
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Monohybrid Crosses
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P1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds RR x rr
r R R Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
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Genotype: Rr Phenotype: Round Phenotype Genotypic Ratio: All alike Phenotypic Ratio: All alike
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F1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds Rr x Rr
R R r RR Rr
r Rr rr
Genotype: RR, Rr, rr Phenotype: Round & Phenotype wrinkled G.Ratio: 1:2:1 P.Ratio: 3:1
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Mendels Laws
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Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.
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Dihybrid Cross
A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendels Law of Independent Assortment
a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)
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Dihybrid Cross
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green
RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
Dihybrid Cross
RY RY Ry rY ry
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Ry
rY
ry
Dihybrid Cross
RY RY RRYY Ry RRYy rY RrYY ry RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy Round/Yellow: Round/green: 9 3
wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1
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Dihybrid Cross
Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1
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SEGREGATION
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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Incomplete Dominance
F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. Example: snapdragons (flower) r r red (RR) x white (rr)
R
Incomplete Dominance
r R Rr R Rr r Rr Rr produces the F1 generation All Rr = pink (heterozygous pink)
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Incomplete Dominance
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Codominance
Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Example: blood type 1. type 2. type 3. type 4. type A= B= AB O= IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi = IAIB ii
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Codominance Problem
Example: homozygous male Type B (IBIB) x heterozygous female Type A (IAi)
IA I
B
i IBi IBi
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IAIB IAIB
IB
Codominance
Question:
If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents? X girl - type
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Codominance
Answer:
IA IB IAIB i ii i Parents: genotypes = IAi and IBi phenotypes = A and B
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Sex-linked Traits
Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes are X and Y XX genotype for females XY genotype for males Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome
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Sex-linked Traits
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
Sex Chromosomes
fruit fly eye color
XX chromosome - female
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Xy chromosome - male
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XRY
XrXr
Xr
R r
XR X X X X Y Xr Y Xr Y
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Female Carriers
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Solution:
tall (TT) vs. dwarf (tt) pea plants
t T T Tt Tt t Tt Tt produces the F1 generation All Tt = tall (heterozygous tall)
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Solution: