CRYOGENICS APPLICATION

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SUBMITTED TO :DR. DILIP SHARMA

PRESENTED BY:RAHUL SHARMA 3/20/12

INTRODUCTION :

Cryogenics may be defined as the branch of physics

which deals with the production of very low temperature and their effect on matter. It may also be defined as the science and technology of temperatures below 120K. The word cryo is derived from a Greek word kruos which means cold.

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Methods to Produce Low Temperatures :

Magnetism produces low temperatures. When a material is magnetized it becomes warm and cold when demagnetized in controlled atmosphere thus producing low temperatures. By compressing the gas, the gas is cooled releasing heat and later allowed to expand producing ultra low temperatures.

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Liquefaction of gases

1-2 : Isothermal Compression 2-3 : Isentropic Expansion

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Cryogenic Rocket Engines :

Cryogenic rocket engines are one of the important applications in the field of cryogenics. The higher thrust levels required for a rocket engines are achieved when liquid oxygen and liquid hydrocarbons are used as fuel. But at atmospheric conditions, LOX and low molecular hydrocarbons are in gaseous state. Therefore these are stored in liquid form by cooling them down using cryogenics. Hence the name Cryogenic Rocket Engines.
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Cryogenic Heat Treatment :

Cryogenic Heat Treatment This is a process of treating metals, plastics, ceramics at temperatures below 120K to their crystal structures and properties. This increases their wear resistance, and life of metals and plastics. They are used in the field of super conductors, cryo microbiology, and space programs. Unlike other processes here permanent coating is completely impart through the metal surface. The symbol used to represent cryogenic heat treatment

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Cryogenic Liquid Helium Processing

While liquid nitrogen typically exists within the range of approximately 77.2 K (320F), liquid helium exists within the range of approximately 5.2K (-450 F). By utilizing liquid helium as a cryogen, we are able to reach much lower temperatures than most other cryogenic laboratories or processors. The purpose of some of our liquid helium processing has been to meet dramatic thermal cycling requirements, relief of residual material stresses, failure testing analysis and validation, material preconditioning

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Cryogenics for Motorsports and Racing

Cryogenic Treatment of Motorsports and Racing Parts Nitrofreeze Cryogenic Treatment is the ultimate competitive advantage for any racer or motorsports enthusiast. The Nitrofreeze Cryogenic Treatment 3/20/12

Cryogenic Distillation
Waste gas (He and N2) Lower boiling point gas preferentiall y moves up column Inject liquefied Ar/N2into column Higher boiling point liquid preferentiall y moves down column Produ

10 10

5.5 cm

Column packing material

All experimenters meeting ct

Purificat ion by distillati on based on differen 4/11/2011 3/20/12

Temperature gradient Packed column

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Cryogenic Service Applications

Valves are used with cryogens from production through transportation and storage which serve many industries with gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon and more.At extremely low temperatures of cryogenic liquids, manycommon materials become brittle and can crack. Many materials also shrink, causing potentially leaks at connections. Therefore,care must be taken when designing equipment and selecting materials to be used with cryogens. Moisture must not be allowed to contaminate the valve as it will freeze and expandand cause leakage and abrasive damage to the equipment
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In alloy steels:- :
In this process the alloy steels are treated to convert the entire austenite into a martensite matrix such it changes the molecular structure of the steel and forms an entirely new, more refined grain structure which partly relieves the thermal stresses. The number of countable carbides increase from 30,000 to 80,000 per square millimeter which forms a super hard surface on the metal. After deep cryogenic heat treatment

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Advantages of Cryogenic Processing :

Advantages of Cryogenic Processing The following properties are attained to the materials treated:Increases wear resistance Increases corrosion resistance Good dimensionality High strength Good quality Cost reduction in the material manufactured Lower stress corrosion Cryogenic heat treatment helps to reduce the stored stress in the metal by creating a unified bond between the crystals.

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Cryogenic fuels :
Cryogenics has made possible the commercial transportation of liquefied natural gas. Without cryogenics, nuclear research would lack liquid hydrogen and helium for use in particle detectors and for the powerful electromagnets needed in large particle accelerators. Such magnets are also being used in nuclear fusion research.

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CRYOGENIC COOLING

Cryogenic cooling is often used in space telescopes that observe objects in infrared and microwave wavelengths. More efficient and compact cryocoolers allow cryogenic temperatures to be used in an increasing variety of military, medical, scientific, civilian, and commercial applications, including infrared sensors, superconducting electronics, and magnetic levitation trains.
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BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION
Cryogenics is used in artificial insemination to store semens and embryos. One such use in bio field is Cryosurgery. Cryosurgery sometimes is referred to as cryotherapy or cryoablation. It is a surgical technique in which freezing is used to destroy undesirable tissues. Liquid nitrogen, which boils at -196C, is the most effective cryogen for clinical use. Temperatures of -25C to -50C can be achieved within 30 seconds if a sufficient amount of liquid nitrogen is applied by spray or probe. Cryogenics in biology
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Other uses of cryogenics :

IN SPORTS:- Cryogenics are also used to treat many types of sports equipment, the most common being golf clubs. Because cryogenics increases the molecular density of treated materials, it improves the distribution of energy (in this case kinetic energy) through the object. The treatment also increases the rigidity of the metal, which in this case might affect the shaft of the golf club. Combined, the increases in kinetic energy distribution and rigidity of the shaft make for a longer and straighter drive.

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Future of Cryogenics :

Future of Cryogenics Cryogenic rocket engine which will be used by NASA for its next manned moon mission

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CONCLUSION :
From this presentation it can be concluded as cryogenics can be applied to almost everywhere in every field. It finds its application in military, tooling industry, agricultural industry, aerospace, medical, recycling, household, automobile industry, cryogenics is found to improve the grain structure of everything treated be it metal or plastic or coils or engines or musical instruments or fiber. This field could be put to many other applications in various fields. Its reaches in the mentioned industries hold a good chance of extension. Hence Cryogenics proves to be very promising for the future in this world of materials.
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THANK YOU

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