Induction Motor

Electric Machines & Drives
Topics covered 1. DC Motors 2. DC Generators 3. AC 3 phase Induction Motors 4. AC 3 phase Synchronous Machines 5. Fundamentals of Power Controls
6. USF Course Material available at; thomasblairpe.com/EMD
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 4 - DC Generators
AC generator E = B*L*V Slip Ring Component of V perpendicular to B
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Commutator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Which unit below is AC machine and which is DC machine?
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Slot construction Lap Winding 4 coils = 4 slots = 4 commutator bars 2 poles = 2 brushes eA+eB+eC+eD = 0 (no circ current) Brush Volt = eB+eC or eA+eD
IEEE EMD Seminar Tom Blair, P.E.
Magnitude -> angle between V and B
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Voltage in slot 4/10 max Voltage in slot 1/7 min
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Proportional to flux and speed Off neutral brush effectively reduces Z
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Armature reaction Current produces Magnetic Field
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Armature induced field adds to pole induced field. Resultant field shifts neutral point. Also, saturation of points 2 ,3 (Pole Tip Saturation) causes reduced EO
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Commutating Pole Field proportional to load Compensate neutral shift Due to armature reaction (Slightly greater than Armature reaction flux)
Note, does not change Saturation at main poles -> EO still effected.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
No Load operation Saturation Curve Field Flux vs Exciting amps (similar to B-H Curve) Designed to operate at knee of point a & b.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Shunt Generator no external field source needed
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Voltage Control Nonlinear Moving P to N, reduced EO Moving P to M, increases EO
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
EO noload intersection of Saturation curve & RF For this example: RF > 200 W E0=0 Critical Value
(When starting, where should rheostat position be??)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Exciting current constant, speed constant, EO constant E12 depend on drop across RO Load Curve Shown typical drop less than 10% (Pole Tip Saturation also leads to E12 drop) Shunt Generator typical drop about 15% due to EO drop
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Compound Generator Series & Shunt Coils Series coil same direction as Shunt mmf adds E0 raises as load increases maintaining E12
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Over-compound generator E12 increases. Differentialcompounded Series coil opposite direction mmf subtracts, EO drops as load increases.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
# Poles = # Brush sets Larger Machine -> More poles -> More brush sets Control amps per brush (current density) Also more Brush per Brush set -> reduce current density. Generator construction
Field Stationary Electromagnet Salient Poles Air Gap 1mm - 5mm
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Armature Construction Rotating Commutator, Iron Core, & Coils
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
# slots = # coils = # commutator sections
Mica insulator between commutator sections Coils connected to commutating element Eccentricity causes brush bounce -> arcing
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Brush set connection alternating + and -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Constructed same as DC generator Torque & Speed control with high efficiency Starting methods
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
EO proportional to speed At rest EO = 0 At steady state EO = ES I*R EO = counterelectromotive force (CEMF)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Mechanical Power & Torque -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Mechanical Torque proportional to flux and armature current
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Speed of Rotation Proportional to Es and inversely proportional to flux (field current) Bonus Question, what happens to DC motor on Loss of Field Current?
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Rheostat allows control of EO -> speed control
Efficiency very poor

Small motors only.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Speed control via field control Flux increase -> speed decrease Operate above base speed
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
As load increases, Tload increases, causing armature current to increase causing speed to drop Speed regulation good (10%-20%)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Series Motor Different torque speed characteristic Starting torque higher
Reduction in load = reduced flux = higher speed

Bonus Question what happens if load removed?
Chapter 5 DC Motors
As load decreases, Tload decreases, causing armature current to decrease causing flux to drop causing speed to increase rapidly Speed regulation poor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Compound DC Motor Both series & shunt field No load, shunt field controls max speed Full load, series field adds to mmf -> increased flux -> speed decreases Regulation 10% - 30% Differential Compound series field mmf subtracts from shunt field mmf
Chapter 5 DC Motors
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 5 DC Motors
Direction of Rotation Reverse Armature or Field Commutation polarity associated with Armature polarity
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 13 Three Phase Induction Machines

Stator laminated core, slots, 3phase winding Rotor laminated core, slots, 3phase winding or squirrel cage winding Squirrel cage induction motor Bare copper (aluminum) bars welded to copper (aluminum) end rings Wound rotor induction motor Three phase insulated winding three slip rings external resistor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Faradays Law Lorentz Force
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Field speed = 120 *f/p Salient Pole Stator -> Smooth Stator Phase group -> group = #phase * #poles(*#winding) Group = 3*2=6 #slot = #coils Lap wound coil construction
stator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
41
IEEE EMD Seminar 42
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 13 Three Phase Induction Machines Motor enclosures TENV totally enclosed, non ventilated TEFC totally enclosed, fan cooled TEBC totally enclosed, blower cooled TEWAC totally enclosed, water to air cooled TEAAC totally enclosed, air to air cooled WPII Weather protected (two 90 degree turns in air path) ODP Open drip proof
IEEE EMD Seminar 43
Tom Blair, P.E.

Synchronous speed vs. asynchronous speed
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Starting Characteristics 1. Revolving field set up by applied stator voltage 2. Field induced voltage (E2) in rotor bars. 3. Induced voltage induces current in rotor bars. 4. Induced current in magnetic field induces force on conductors in direction of rotating magnetic field. 5. As rotor speed increases rate at which rotor bars cut field reduces (reducing E2) 6. Reduced E2 -> reduced rotor current ->reduced force 7. When load torque = motor torque, steady state

Power & PF vs loading while motor at speed.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Percent difference between synch speed and actual speed = slip
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rotor Voltage (E2) and frequency (f2)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Induction motors are designed to operate successfully with voltage variations of 10%. Effects of a 10% variation on a typical design B induction motor at full load shown below.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Unbalanced voltage -> derate of motor capability
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Estimate of motor current
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Pe Active stator power input Pjs I2R loss in stator Pf Iron loss in stator Pr active power supplied to rotor Pjr I2R loss in rotor Pm Mechanical power of rotor Pv windage / friction losses PL power to load
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Efficiency = Pout to Pin
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rotor loss and mechanical power relation to slip
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Mechanical torque developed by shaft
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Effect of rotor resistance
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Starting Torque increased, slip increased, starting current reduced, breakdown torque not effected (to a point) Start -> high resistance, Run -> low resistance
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Wound Rotor Characteristics
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Three phase winding design Salient pole design vs lap winding design Phase groups = #poles X #phases (X #windings) Increase # of coils per group -> better starting torque & less noise #slots = # coils Pole pitch = # coils / # poles Coil Pitch = width of coil (typical 80%-100% pole pitch) 120O electrical separation between phases
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

May be wye or delta connection Convert from measured resistance to per winding resistance RA1-B1 = 2*Rwinding RA1-B1 = (2/3)*Rwinding
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Pole Pitch vs Coil Pitch
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Linear Induction Motor Linear speed depends on frequency & pole pitch Typically 2 stator sides to one rotor or alternately stator moving and rotor stationary
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Linear Induction Motor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Linear Induction Motor Properties
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Horizontal Force (Thrust) developed based on Work = F * d, P = v*F
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Doubly-fed wound rotor motor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Supersynchronous Rotor abc stator acb Subsynchronous Rotor abc stator abc
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Subsynchronous Motor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Supersynchronous Motor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Subsynchronous Generator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Supersynchronous Generator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 14 Selection & Application of 3 Phase Induction Machines

NEMA design starting characteristics Shallow bars = higher resistance Deep bars reduced resistance Starting current mostly in shallow bar Running current shared and deep bar resistance low
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Two Speed Motor designs 1. Multiple windings with multiple poles 2. Simulated or consequent pole generation Coil pitch only 50% of pole pitch.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Series connection for 4 pole, 900 RPM (60hz) Parallel connection for 8 pole, 450 RPM (60hz) HS pwr -> 1, 2, 3, LS pwr -> 4, 5, 6 (1, 2, 3, neutral) Constant power / constant torque / variable torque config
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Between NL and FL torque curve linear s = slip T = torque R = rotor resistance E = stator voltage k = constant due to rotor construction
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Starting an induction motor LRA vs. FLA, LRT, PUT, BDT, FLT
Rule 1 true if no load on motor during start If load on motor during accel, Heat dissipated in rotor greater than rule 1.

Induction Generating region n > ns Torque changes direction -> power is toque X speed -> motor is now generator (asynchronous generator) Power proportional Torque X Speed VAR required from system to provide energy for magnetic field generation
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Induction motor in generating mode Motor is active power source but still reactive power sink
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Induction Braking, Motoring, Generating

Braking Region Motoring Region Regenerating Region
+Ve Torque
Voltage
Motoring
Current
-Ve Torque
Regenerating
Synchronous Speed (Rotating Field Speed)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 15 Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

Similar to Transformer circuit similar Wye connection 1:1 transformer Motor magnetizing component NOT negligible 2HP, shift magnetizing circuit to source side Frequency in rotor circuit = s*f
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Active Power (Independent of magnetizing ckt)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Reactive Power -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Apparent Power -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Line Current -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Power to Rotor (includes shaft power + rotor loss) (Independent of magnetizing ckt)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Rotor I2R losses (Independent of magnetizing ckt)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Mechanical Power (Shaft Power) (Independent of magnetizing ckt)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Torque (Independent of magnetizing ckt)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Efficiency -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

No Load Test Arrangement
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

No Load Test to determine magnetizing circuit I1 small compared to Io only magnetizing branch applies
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Following calculations apply
Note: three phase power
Windage, Friction, Iron loss =
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Locked Rotor Reduced voltage
Calculate:
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 16 Synchronous Generators

Stationary Field generator < 5kva stationary field rotating armature slip ring connection to armature Rotating Field generator (alternator) > 5kva stationary armature rotating field slip ring connection to field
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

DC generator for field generation of Synchronous Generator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

One complete cycle every time pole pair passed -> Frequency generated is:
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Stator Features: Identical to 3 phase motor Stacked laminations Always connected in wye for following reasons: Voltage per coil 58% line voltage Third harmonic voltages cancel (same in each phase), in delta they add and cause circulating current. Max term voltage typically 25kv.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rotor Features: High speed slotted cylindrical forging Smaller diameter centrifugal forces Longer to get air gap area needed for power Retaining ring insulated Low speed typically salient pole Larger diameter lower speed more poles Shorter due to more air gap area per foot length Coils in series (mica strip insulation) Squirrel cage in pole faces (damper winding) for transient dampening

Field Excitation - typically .5% to 2% machine rating Two functions 1. maintain ac line voltage 2. provide reactive power to system Slip ring and Brush exciter 1. provided by DC generator on same shaft 2. Provided by MG set separately driven 3. Provided by separate sourced solid state rectifier Brushless exciter 1. Provided by PMG same shaft via separate sourced solid state rectifier to alternator on shaft 2. Provided by external source via solid state rectifier to Seminar alternator on shaft. Blair, P.E. IEEE EMD Tom

Brushless exciter Less maintenance Ic controls field current Frequency > main frequency
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Size of synchronous generators: Larger size -> higher efficiency Power per KG greater (more power per $) Cooling of large machines challenge Indirectly cooled winding Gas intercooled winding Water cooled winding
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Strand insulation reduce eddy current in conductor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Robel Transposition equalize magnetic reactance of each conductor
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Connection to liquid cooling system.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Simplified SLE circuit for Synchronous Generator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Synchronous Reactance
Measurement of Xs Open circuit test rated speed and open terminals, excitation raised to meet rated V (En). This is value of (Ixn) Short Circuit test rated speed and shorted terminals, excitation raised back to Ixn, and armature current measured (value of Isc)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) Ratio of Ix1 to Ix2, where Ix1 is field current to produce nominal open circuit voltage and Ix2 is field current to produce nominal armature current on short circuited terminals (steady state) Xs (pu) = (Ix2 / Ix1) = 1/SCR
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Generator supplying lagging load - Lagging PF, I leads E, E(Xs) leads I by 90 degrees, Eo = E + Ex, therefore Eo > E, Angle between E and Eo is power angle (d)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Generator supplying leading load - Leading PF, I lags E, E(Xs) leads I by 90 degrees, Eo = E + Ex, therefore Eo < E, Angle between E and Eo is power angle (d) Note same power angle as before.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Generator Synchronization: 1. Generator Frequency = System Frequency (preferred slightly faster) WHY? 2. Generator Voltage Magnitude = System Voltage Magnitude (preferred slightly higher) WHY? 3. Generator Voltage Phase Angle = System Voltage Phase Angle (breaker closing time added to calculation) 4. Generator Phase sequence = System Phase Sequence
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Infinite Bus Characteristics: 1. Adjusting excitation adjusts Eo controls VAR flow. 2. Adjusting mechanical torque adjusts power angle d control watts flow.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Overexcited System looks like Inductive Load I lags E Ex in phase with E E + Ex = Eo Var transfer to system
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Under excited System looks like Capacitive Load I leads E Ex 180O out of phase with E E + Ex = Eo Var transfer to generator
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Increasing Torque, Eo advances ahead of E, increased power angle d,
NOTE: even though E and Eo have same magnitude (implying no VAR transfer) power is still transferred due to power angle d
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rotor Position no load to full load Torque by prime mover advances rotor position
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Mechanical angle of rotor pole to stator pole related to power angle by: (Note for 2 pole generator, a = d )
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

For Proof of equation, see web site;
http://www.thomasblairpe.com/EMD/PPE_PWR_XFER.pdf
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rated power typically around 30O Power angle > 90O cause pole slip and out of synch condition.
Note: curve typical for smooth cylindrical machine curve modified for salient pole machine.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

2 pole machines oscillate at 2X line frequency core mounting absorbs vibration
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Cylindrical Rotor Construction
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Bore Copper and terminal stud connector for DC field circuit
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Generator Capability Curve
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

V-Curve Apparent power to Field current for various power loading
Question which side is generator VAR source / VAR sink?
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 17 Synchronous Motors

Construction similar to Synchronous Generator Stator slotted wedges Rotor Salient Poles damper winding imbedded in pole face
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rotor poles & stator poles always same
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Starting Synchronous motor amortisseur winding Short field winding during start - Limit induced voltage on field winding & improve starting torque Also reduced voltage start or pony motor start VFD also used for starting very large synchronous motor (and combustion turbine generators) Pull in torque Applying DC to field generates field pulls rotor into synch with stator field (pull in torque) Detection of position of rotor pole position important When in synch, amortisseur winding sees no slip -> no voltage induced in winding

Power & Torque -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Power & Torque since P is sin function, T is sin function
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Relationship between power angle d and mechanical angle a between stator and rotor pole centers Same as Generator also note for 2 pole machine, a =d
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Reluctance torque for salient pole machine As power angle d increases, concentration of flux between rotor and stator poles changes. This variation in flux leads to variation in torque (known as reluctance torque)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Resultant Torque 1 Reluctance Torque 2 Cylindrical Torque 3 Resultant Torque PEAK 70O
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Stopping Synchronous Motor Following methods: 1. Coasting (may take time to come to rest) 2. Break by maintain full DC excitation with Armature short circuit (dynamic braking) 3. Break by maintain full CD excitation with Armature connected to resistor bank (dynamic braking) 4. Apply mechanical break
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 21 Power Electronics

Resistive Battery Charger I2R losses in resistor I = E43/R
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
139

Inductive Battery Charger Stored Energy example Imax = A(+)/L
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
140

Single Phase Bridge Rectifier 2 pulse rectifier Fripple = #pulse*fline = 2 * fline Ripple = 2*f(line) Ripplep-p = Epeak
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
141

Filters L constant current Series w/ load Line current square wave C constant voltage Parallel w/ load Line current spike
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
142

3 Phase, 6 pulse rectifier 1.225 < Ed < 1.414 Peak to Peak 1.414 1.225 = 0.189 E Fripple = Fline * Pulse # Fripple = Fline * 6
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
143

Ripple - PIV = Epeak Conduction 360O / #pulse = 360O/6 = 60O
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
144
Current / Voltage relationships for various configurations:
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
145

Solid state switch point of conduction controlled a. Anode positive b. Gate current injected c. Anode to cathode current remain positive
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
146

!!!SAFETY!!! SCR output = input voltage
EMD - Week 10
Tom Blair, P.E.
147

Natural commutation vs forced commutation Stop commutation by: 1. Reduce dc supply voltage to zero 2. Open load circuit via switch 3. Force anode current to zero
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
148

Rectifier active load (load has energy source) Peak current = amp*seconds / inductance Apparent and real power flow to load
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
149
Line commutated inverter active load (load has energy source, note polarity) Peak current = amp*seconds / inductance Apparent power to load, real power to source DC to AC conversion
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
150
Line Commutated Inverter DC to AC real power conversion Forced Commutated commutation by current reversal within power bridge Line Commutated Commutation current provided by line. Due to polarity of Ed, Power flows to source. Source side voltage must be present to provide needed VAR
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
151

AC static switch back to back SCRs Reactive power draw Phase angle, zero fired, on/off
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
152

3 Phase, 6 pulse rectifier to active load Ed = 1.35 * E * cos a Ed > Eo for current flow, Ed < Eo zero current flow Excel Spreadsheet showing calculation
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
153

Delayed trigger rectifier mode Increased delay angle, reduced Ed Conduction angle still 60O Each thyristor still conducts for 120O
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
154

Conduction angles of 45O and 75O
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
155

Delayed Trigger Inverter Mode Note Polarity of Eo and Ed
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
156

Inverter mode, 90O < a < 180O Eo > Ed current flow, Ed > Eo, zero current flow Power flow to source
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
157
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
158

Current flow:
I = S(2/3) Id =
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
159

Reactive Power draw of bridge dependant on Real Power draw and delay angle
EMD - Week 11
Tom Blair, P.E.
160

Rapid Switching
Where D = Ta/T
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rapid Switching DC current I0 ->
Source current Is ->
Where D = Ta/T
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Es * Is = Eo * Io, but
Is = Io * D ->
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Ro = Eo / Io = Es * D2 / Is ->
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

2 quadrant DC to DC converter S1 = D = Ta/T, S2 = 1-D = Tb/T
If, EL>Eo, P flow to Eo (boost), if EL<Eo, P flow to EL (buck), controlled by D
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

4 quadrant DC to DC converter bidirectional EH, Eo (2 quad converter, unidirectional EH, Eo) Q1 & Q4 operate in pair for Ta/T = D, Q2 & Q3 operate in pair for Tb/T = 1-D When D = 0.5, Ell = 0 (note there is still ac component) When D = 1, Ell = Eh When D = 0, Ell = -Eh
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Switching Losses Four distinct operations: 1. Turn-on time T1 Current increases, voltage decreases 2. On-state time T2 Current flowing, Vt 2-3 VDC 3. Turn-off time T3 Current decreases, Voltage increases 4. Off-state time T4 Current zero, Voltage high.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Snubber During turnoff controls dv/dt across device
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

DC to AC rectangular converter E = 0.9 * Eh
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

DC to AC converter with PWM Adjust D waveform, adjust Ell Magnitude and waveform fc must be 10 times > f out
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Triangular generation of PWM waveform When V>El off When V<El on
NOTE: Technology has application past power example, fiberoptic converters Transmit real time waveform via FO
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

3 phase, DC to AC converter 3 single phase converter shifted 120O Ean, Ebn, Ecn = E/S3, Em = E*S2, -> Em = E*S6
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Q1 closed when Eay>Efc Q3 closed when Eby>Efc Q5 closed when Ecy>Efc
Q2 closed when Eay<Efc Q4 closed when Eby<Efc Q6 closed when Ecy<Efc
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Converter as Universal Generator Fast response, Small impedance No isolation without transformer RLC to filter out fc C1 to filter DC bus
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 22 Control of DC Motors

First Quadrant speed control
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Speed varied by changing armature voltage a initially 90O, switch closed, a decreased to increase armature Vdc, increasing Id 1. No armature resistors needed (no losses) 2. Power loss reduced, improved efficiency 3. Current limit prevent over current. 4. PF poor during start period A typically 15O at full conduction Ed > Eo by Id*Ra To lower speed, a increased, Id = o, motor coast to lower speed till Id /= 0 Ripple voltage large, but L gives smooth Id Motor coast to stop (no breaking)

Two quadrant control via field reversal Dynamic Brake resistor across armature Regenerative brake generate power back to line Procedure follows:
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

1. Delay gate pulse by 180O (cause Ed to be neg) 2. Reverse If (Delayed) 3. Reduce a so |Ed| < |Eo| 4. Once speed lowered, Delay gate pulse again by 180O (cause Ed to be positive 5. Reverse back If (Delay) 6. Increase a so |Ed| > |Eo|
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Two quadrant control via armature reversal (single converter) Quicker response La << Lf Delay gate pulse by 180O (cause Ed to be neg) Reverse Eo to reverse Io Reduce a so |Ed| < |Eo| Once speed lowered, Delay gate pulse again by 180O (cause Ed to be positive Reverse back Eo to reverse back Io Increase a so |Ed| > |Eo|
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Two Quadrant (1&2) control reversing with same torque direction Raise Quadrant 1 motoring 0O<a<90O
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Two Quadrant (1&2) control reversing with same torque direction Eo reverses Lower Quadrant 2 Braking 90O<a<180O
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Converter 1 Rectifier Mode Converter 2 Inverter Mode
Converter 1 Inverter Mode Converter 2 Rectifier Mode

Four Quadrant Drive Utilizing 2 converter system
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

6 pulse converter with freewheeling diode Without diode, small values of Ed contain negative portions of Ed
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Due to lag, reactive current large. Also, I line 120O regardless of a
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Placing diode prevents Ed from being negative
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

For same a, increased Id increase a angle for same Id, note I line no longer 120O
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

With Freewheeling diode, calculation of Ed and I become (note- eqn only apply for reduced voltage ( a > 60O) where there is neg comp of Ed.)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Half Bridge Converter 3 diode/3 SCR
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Note 3 pulse rectifier again I line < 120O
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Half Bridge Converter
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Converter A 3phase, 6 pulse Converter B 3phase, 6 pulse w/ FW diode Converter C 3phase, 3 pulse half bridge
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Chapter 23 Control of AC Motors

Where DC motors controlled by controlling Voltage and Current, AC motors controlled with Voltage and Frequency Types of AC drives 1. Static Frequency Changers 2. Static Voltage Changers 3. Rectifier / Inverter Systems with Line Commutation 4. Rectifier / Inverter Systems with Self Commutation 5. PWM Systems
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

VFD standards NEMA Application Guide For AC Adjustable Speed Drive Systems Available Free at: http://www.nema.org/ IEEE Std 958 Guide for Application of AC Adjustable-Speed Drives for Electric Power Generating Stations IEEE Std 1566 Standard for Performance of Adjustable Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW and Larger Available at: http://www.ieee.org/standards
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE Std 1566 sample datasheet (purchaser)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE Std 1566 sample datasheet (Vendor)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Static Frequency Changer - convert fline to fload
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Static Voltage Controller Vary AC voltage to motor to control torque / speed (also used to softstart)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rectifier / Inverter w/ line commutation AC to DC to AC conversion. Rectifier uses Line to commutate. Inverter uses Motor to commutate (LCI). Used on Synchronous and Wound Rotor Motors. (why not induction machines?)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Rectifier / Inverter w/ self commutation AC to DC to AC conversion. Rectifier uses self commutation. Used on squirrel cage induction motors that can not provide commutation energy.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

PWM system AC to DC to AC conversion. Used on induction motors.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Synchronous motor current source drive Operate like brushless DC motor (control Ia & If) Es Q speed & If. Gate controlled by rotor position. Speed controlled by Ia or If.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Converter 2 in inverting mode -
Converter 1 in rectifying mode -
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Trigged to provide leading PF provide var for reactive power needed by converter 2 Regen brake by Converter 1 invert, Converter 2 rect, inverting E1 and E2 (Idc same direction)
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Torque speed curve for variable speed If V/F constant, flux constant, peak torque same
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Static voltage controller adjust voltage (not freq)
T Q V2 Greater slip. Increased rotor heating Small motor only
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Solidstate voltage reduction Adjusting delay angle Reduced Vac to motor Vrms not linear to angle
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Solidstate softstart reduce mechanical shock, reduced peak start current. 5 basic type Ramp down vs DC injection.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Terminology Soft start Reduced Voltage Starter (RVS) Solid State Reduced Voltage Starter (SSRVS) Purpose of softstart 1. Reduce the inrush current during start 2. Reduce peak torque during start. Brief review of motor theory for how soft start effects these parameters
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Ensure sufficient motor available torque to start the motor. Acceleration Time (Tacc) is defined as:
Average Acceleration Torque (Avg Acc Trq) is defined as: This definition does not account for load:
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

ATL start constant torque load
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

RVS (Limit) constant torque load
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Trequired = Tmotor + Tload Evaluate motor and load torque curves. Ensure sufficient motor accelerating torque exists throughout acceleration curve. API 841 recommends Tmotor >1.1*Tload throughout the speed range.
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

> 2300V
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Applications for reduced voltage start Pump Applications; prevent water hammer Mech. transmission issues; reduce torque (electronic shear pin) Weak distribution lines; limit voltage dip during start Electronic braking; actively stop loads Damp applications; motor heating
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.
Conclusion
Tour of Motor Shop 3PM to 5PM.
Questions? Tom Blair Office: 813-228-4407 Email: tom_blair@ieee.org
IEEE EMD Seminar
Tom Blair, P.E.

Induction Motor

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Induction Motor

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Electric Machines & Drives

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

(When starting, where should rheostat position be??)

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

Rheostat allows control of EO -> speed control

Efficiency very poor

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.

IEEE EMD Seminar

Tom Blair, P.E.