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SOIL COMPACTIO N WORK

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INTRODUCTION
SOIL COMPACTION

Soil compactionoccurs when the weight of heavy machinery compresses thesoil, causing it to loseporespace. Soil compaction may also occur due to a lack of water in the soil. Affected soils become less able to absorbrainfall, thus increasingrunoffanderosion.

Plants have difficulty in compacted soil because the mineral grains are pressed together, leaving little space for air and water, which are essential forrootgrowth. 3/24/12

In construction
Increasing the density of soils, along with its side effects of increased strength and decreased permeability, is usually desirable in earthwork construction and below buildingfoundations. Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the equipment usually vibrates, to cause 3/24/12

INTRODUCTION
FACTOR EFFECT COMPACTION
Vehicle and wheel factors influencing soil compaction and crop response in different traffic
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 Traffic intensity and wheel track distribution in

different cropping systems are illustrated, and several possibilities for reducing heavy traffic or its negative effects, or to alleviate compaction, are discussed. The present situation in different parts of the world with regard to soil compaction is evaluated, and examples of economic analyses are presented.

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The effect of soil compaction and soil physical properties on the mechanical resistance of South African
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However,

evidence is presented to suggest that organic matter becomes more important in influencing PSS for a range of water contents and bulk densities as clay content decreases.

cohesive soils (generally those with more than approximately 20% silt plus clay) increasing clay content reduces the rate at which PSS 3/24/12 increases with decreasing water

For

COMPACTION TEST IN THE LAB

Standard Proctor Compaction Test
General

The purpose of the standard Proctor compaction test is to determine the optimum water content and the maximum dry density that can be achieved with a certain compaction effort. The relationship between the 3/24/12 moisture content and the density of the

Scope
The method given in this standard is based on the standard proctor compaction test. Soil is compacted in a mould in three layers by dropping a 2.49 kg rammer a distance of 305mm. (Alternatively dropping a 2.5 kg ramrner 300 mm). Dry density achieved by mixing soil with different water contents were determined to obtain the maximum dry density and the corresponding optimum moisture content. 3/24/12

Computations
The

bulk density, in kg/m3 of each compacted specimen shall be computed from the equation;

= M2 M1 V
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Maximum Dry Density = 1978 kg/m3 Optimum moisture content = 11.0%

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Modified Proctor Compaction Test Standard Proctor Compaction Test

General

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The purpose of the modified Proctor compaction test is to determine the optimum water

Scope

The method given in this standard is based on the standard proctor compaction test. Soil is compacted in a mould in five layers by dropping a 4.5 kg rammer a distance of 450mm. (Alternatively dropping a 4.5 kg ramrner 450 mm). Dry 3/24/12 density achieved by mixing soil with

COMPACTION TEST IN THE SITES

Sand replacement method

1) Place the empty sand-cone
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5) Replace the sand removed in the funnel determination, close the valve and weigh. 6) Seat the density plate, if any, on the test hole, center the sand-cone apparatus, open the valve and, after the sand has stopped flowing, close the valve. 7) Weigh the apparatus with remaining sand. 3/24/12

Rubber-Balloon Method
1) Position the density plate on a flat surface and set the volume measuring apparatus in the recessed hole in the density plate. 2) Hold the apparatus down firmly in position, open the control valve, pump the balloon down with the rubber bulb until the water level in the graduated cylinder has reached its lowest 3/24/12

4) Place the density plate in a level position on the material to be tested, dig a test hole about 4 in. in diameter and 4 in. deep, retain all the material which is removed from the hole, then measure and record the mass of the excavated soil. 5) Set the apparatus in the recess in the density plate, hold it down firmly, open the control valve, pump the 3/24/12 balloon into the hole, and record the

8) Mix the material thoroughly and secure a representative sample of not less than 100 gm for moisture determination. 9) Make density calculations based on volume of the test hole and dry or wet weight (as required) of materials removed.

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CORE CUTTER METHOD

SCOPE: This method covers the determination of the in-situ density of compacted soils by using core cutter.
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PROCEDURE:
In the spot adjacent to that where the field density by sand replacement or balloon method has been determined, drive the core cutter using the dolly over the core cutter. Stop ramming when the dolly is 3/24/12

OBSERVATIONS:
Wt. of Core-Cutter (W1) = gms. Wt. of Core-Cutter + Wet Soil (W2) = gms. Wt. of Wet Soil (Ws= W2? W1) = gms. Volume of Core-cutter Vc = c.c. Bulk Density of Soil (rs= Ws/Vc) = g/c.c. 3/24/12

Moisture Content:
Wt. of Container + Wet Soil (W) = gms. Wt. of Container (Wc) = gms. 3/24/12

Nuclear Moisture MethodDensity Measurements

Radioactive materials used in moisturedensity devices emit four types of radiation:

alpha particles beta particles rays (photons) (for density

gamma 3/24/12

1) Density measurement: source of gamma rays is cesium, half life = 30 years

Backscatter: number of backscattered gamma rays detected by the counter is related to material total density. Direct Transmission: number of rays directly or indirectly detected by the counter is dependent on density of material.

2) Moisture measurement: source of neutrons is beryllium which must be bombarded by americium before it releases the neutrons.
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Only backscatter is used. Penetrating power of neutrons depends on material composition rather than density. They are slowed down most effectively by material containing hydrogen atoms such as water and polyethylene. 3) Safety - only properly trained, authorized users may handle the equipment. Users must wear radiation badges to measure cumulative radiation. Safe storage and protection are legally mandated.
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4) Measurement characteristics Density:

i) Backscatter depth of measurement: 2 to 3 inches range: 70 to 170 lb/cu ft accuracy 1.5 pcf
ii) Direct transmission depth of measurement: 2 to 8 inches range: 70 to 170 pcf accuracy: 0.5 pcf
3/24/12 Moisture: depth of measurement: 5 inches