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Prepared by: Izam Zuliana Yahya Azna Rosden Hamizah Ajam Mohd Azlizal Abu Bakar
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
According to Wikipedia, Research is the investigation into existing or new knowledge. systematic
It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
In order to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences.
There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, etc.
PIECE OF HISTORY
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 9651039, Basra - one of the early figures in the development of scientific method.
Business research is define as an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solution to it
dictionary
CONSTRUCT psychological construct, is a term that describes a human variable that is not directly measurable. Control group--in experiments, the one that doesn't get the treatment
Dependent Variable
Experiment Experimental Group
External Validity
how generalizable the results are outside of the study as it concerns other populations and locations.
Mean
Median Mode No Evidence
Random
Random Sample
by chance
everybody had the same chance of being assigned to any group. sometimes confused with who you ran into by chance who would participate the extent to which a test is repeatable with similar results a systematic, objective way to find out things the game plan or method for finding out what you want to know. experiments, correlations, descriptive studies
Statistics
T-score
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study.
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
The precursor to a hypothesis is a research problem, usually framed as a question. It might ask what, or why, something is happening.
The research hypothesis is a paring down of the problem into something testable and falsifiable.
Build critical idea on how to interprete the ideas and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.
SELECT JOURNALS
DO CRITICAL READING
WRITE LR REPORT
2)Data Sources
Such as academic books, journal, reports, theses, newspapers, internet, unpublished manuscripts, conference proceeding.
CONTENT OF ARTICLES
Topic Abstract LR for justification of problem statement Problem statement Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion & Future works References
Studies with apparently conflicting findings helps explore explanations for discrepancies.
Helps define your terminology or identify variations in definitions used by researchers or practitioners. Helps to identify appropriate research methodologies.
Read critically
- The literature will not be unbiased sources of information. - For each item reads; we might consider the following: - A clearly defined topic and question. - Is it an effective analysis and account of the subject? - Is there any bias evident (political, ideological, disciplinary)? - Includes academic or scholarly sources in the literature review. - Is the argument coherent? - Are there references to sources consulted? Have any sources or theories been ignored or omitted? - How relevant is it to the topic which you are investigating?
Write analytically
- Summarize the arguments of different authors in relation to your own research question or topic. - Compare and contrast different authors or theories and consider what are the new or emerging themes. -Point out own opinion and argument.
Identify areas for - Relate the literature review to the rest of the future research research, and identify the bigger questions within the literature or subject. Personal reflection - Use the literature review as an opportunity to reflect own progress, both in terms of finding information and in critical reading.
Summary of articles: In a paragraph or two for each study, briefly explain the purpose, how it was conducted (how information was gathered), and the major findings. When referring to an articles, use the last name of author or authors and date of publication in the text. Eg. Calvin and Brommel (1996) believe family communication OR Communication serves two primary functions in familiescohesion and adaptability (Galvin and Brommel, 1996)
Conclusion: Briefly summarise the major findings of the studies chosen. Comments about what questions need to still be answered may be included. References: List the studies used on a separate page according to APA style format.
Structure
Chronological: Group and discuss sources in order of their appearance (usually publication), highlighting the changes in research in the field and your specific topic over time. Its useful for papers focusing on research methodology, historic graphical papers, and other writing where time becomes an important element. Thematic: Group and discuss sources in terms of the themes or topics covered. Its often a stronger one organizationally, and it can help in resisting the urge to summarize the sources. By grouping themes or topics of research together, will be able to demonstrate the types of topics that are important to the research.
A clearer idea emerges as to what variables will be most important to consider (parsimony), why they are considered important, and how they should be investigated to solve the problem. Thus, the literature survey helps the development of the theoretical framework and hypotheses for testing.
The problem statement can be made with precision and clarity. Testability and replicability of the findings of the current research are enhanced. One does not run the risk or reinventing the wheel; that is, wasting effort on trying to rediscover something that is already known. The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as relevant and significant.
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