MARGARETTE JOY ALMARIO * CHET DELA CRUZ * AMIEL RUTH DIOLATA * MARK JACOB MARCELO* MICHAEL TOMACRUZ

The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle

 Mature skeletal or striated muscle cells are the longest and most slender muscle fibers, ranging in size from 1 to 50 mm in length and 40 to 50 micrometers in diameter. Because of these unique structure of the cell, that is, their length being much greater than their width, skeletal muscle fibers.

 In addition each muscle cell or fiber is multinucleated and is surrounded by a special cell membrane. This cell membrane is electrically polarized and is called a sarcolemma. The sarcolemma is surrounded by the first of three types of connective tissue found in a muscle the endomysium, which is delicate connective tissue.

 We see that the entire muscle consist of a number of skeletal muscle bundles called fasciculi. Each individual bundle of muscle cells, or fascicle, is surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This is visible to the naked eye. This perimysium connects with the coarse irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called the epimysium, these three layers of connective tussue act like cement holding all of the muscle cells and their bundles together.

 In addition, a layer of areolar tissue covers the whole muscle trunk on top of the epimysium and is called the fascia.

INTRODUCTION
Muscles make up about 40% to 50% of your bodys weight. They allow us to perform extraordinary physical feats of endurance(running, playing sports) and grace(ballet, figure skating). When they contract, they bring about movement of the body as a whole and cause our internal organs to function properly. Muscles of the diaphragm, chest, and abdomen allow us to breath.

Types of Muscles
Skeletal or striated -is voluntary -that is, we can control its contraction. Under microscope skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated and striated. We can see alternating dark and light bands.

Smooth muscle Is involuntary Uninucleated And non striated Found in places like digestive tract.

Cardiac muscle Is involuntary Striated Uninucleated Found only in the heart

SMOOTH MUSCLE
It is found in hollow structure of the body.

SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL

contains a single large nucleus It is involuntary, uni nucleated and nonstriated.

In hollow structure smooth muscle cell is arranged in two layers: A. outer longitudinal B. inner circular layer
It produce a slower contraction than skeletal muscle BUT smooth muscle contraction allow greater extensibility of the muscle.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Cardiac Muscle cell can receive an

impulse contract, immediately relax and receive another impulse.

Naming and action of skeletal muscle

Action Shape Origin and insertion Location Direction of their fibers Division

 FLEXORS - muscles that bend a limb at a joint EXTENSORS - straighten a limb ABDUCTORS - move a limb away from the midline ADDUCTORS - bring a limb toward the midline of the body ROTATORS - revolve a limb around the axis DORSIFLEXORS - muscles that raise the foot

 PLANTAR FLEXORS- lower the foot. SUPINATORS- muscles that turn the palm of hand upward. PRONATORS- muscles that turn the palm of hand downward. LEVATORS- raise a part of the body. DEPRESSOR- muscles that lower a part of the body. PRIME MOVERS are muscles that bring about action and those that assist the prime movers are SYNERGIST.

The Physiology of Muscle Contraction

Motor Unit

Motor Unit
On the average, 1:150 muscle cells. Properties of muscle cells
Excitability Conductivity Contractility Elasticity

 Muscle contraction is caused by the interactions of three factors:

Neuroelectrical factors Chemical interactions Energy sources

Muscle Anatomy

Neuroelectrical Factors
Sarcollema
Concentration of sodium and potassium ions

Resting potential
Inside K, Outside Na

Acetylcholine(Ach) neurotransmitter

Sodium-potassium pump

Action potential Sarrcollema (muscle cell membrane) T tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Ca myofibrils actin troponin myosin tropomyosin

Chemical Interactions
Ach release of Ca Ca + troponin Actin + myosin + ATP actomyosin + ADP + PO4

Energy Sources
Chemical Energy (ATP) Mechanical Energy (contraction) ATP by glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport, breakdown of phosphocreatine

Energy Sources
Glucose + 2 ATP CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP (aerobic) Glucose + 2 ATP 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP (anaerobic) Phosphocreatine + ADP creatine + ATP Free fatty acids CO2 + H2O + ATP

Muscle Tone

Muscle Tone

Tone - steady or constant state of

partial contraction is maintained in a muscle.

Maintain body posture

2 Types of Contraction

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

THE FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES

Muscles of Facial Expression

Frontalis
Procerus Orbicularis oculi

Levator labii superioris

Orbicularis oris Mentalis

Zygomaticus minor
Zygomaticus major

Frontalis Temporalis Occipitalis

Orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus buccinator Orbicularis oris

Masseter

FACIAL EXPRESSION
MUSCLE Occipitalis Frontalis FUNCTION Draws scalp backward Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Buccinator Zygomaticus major

Draws upper lip upward and forward

Elevates upper lip Raises upper lip and dilates nostril Compresses cheeks and retracts angle Pulls angle of mouth upward and backward Raises and protrudes lower lip Closes lips

Mentalis Orbicularis oris

Muscles of Mastication and of the Eye

Temporalis

Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid
Masseter

Muscles of Mastication and of the Eye

MASTICATION
MUSCLE Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Closes jaw Raises mandible backward and closes mouth Raises mandible and closes mouth Brings jaws forward FUNCTION

EYE
MUSCLE Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique Roll upward Roll downward Roll medially Roll laterally Rotates on axis Rotates on axis FUNCTION

Muscles moving the Head and Shoulder Girdle

Muscles moving the Head and Shoulder Girdle

Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior

Head
MUSCLE Sternocleidomastoid FUNCTION Flexes vertebral column and rotates head

Shoulder Girdle
MUSCLE Levator scapulae Rhomboid major FUNCTION Elevates scapula Moves scapula backward and upward; slight rotation

Rhomboid minor Pectoralis minor

Trapezius Serratus anterior

Elevates and retracts scapula Depresses shoulder and rotates scapula downward
Draws head to one side; rotates scapula Moves scapula forward away from spine and downward and inward toward chest wall

Muscles moving the humerus

Humerus
MUSCLE Coracobrachialis FUNCTION Flexes, adducts arm

Pectoralis major
Teres major Teres minor Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi

Flexes, adducts, rotates arm medially

Adducts, extends, rotates arm medially Rotates arm laterally and adducts Abducts arm Abducts arm Rotates humerus outward Extends, adducts, rotates arm medially, draws shoulder downward and backward

Muscles moving the Elbow

anconeus

Elbow
MUSCLES Brachialis Triceps brachii (3 heads) Biceps brachii (2 heads) Anconeus brachioradialis FUNCTION Flexes forearm Extends and adducts forearm Flexes arm and forearm; supinates hand Extends forearm Flexes forearm

Muscles moving the Wrist

Extensor digitorum communis Palmaris brevis

WRIST
MUSCLE Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus FUNCTION Flexes, abducts wrist Flexes, adducts wrist Extends and abducts wrist joint Extends and adducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Palmaris longus Palmaris brevis Extensor digitorium communis

Extends, adducts wrist

Flexes wrist joint Tenses palm of hand Extends wrist joint

MUSCLE OF MOVING THE HAND

Intrinsic Muscles
Thenar Muscles (thumb) Hypothenar Muscles (little finger) Interossei Muscles Lumbar Muscles

Extrinsic Muscles
Wrist extensors and flexors

MUSCLE OF MOVING THE HAND

MUSCLES OF THE MOVING THUMB

MUSCLE Flexor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis FUNCTION Flexes 2nd phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb Extends treminal phalanx Extends thumb

Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis

Adducts thumb
Abducts, extends thumb Abducts thumb Flexes and opposes thumb

MUSCLES OF THE MOVING THUMB

MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION

External oblique

Lower 8 ribs

Iliac crest, Anterior Compresses rectus sheath abdominal contents

Costal cartilage lower 3 or 4 ribs Compresses abdominal contents Compresses abdominal contents Flexes vertebral column, assists in compressing abdominal wall

Internal oblique

Iliac crest

Transverse abdominis Rectus abdominis

Iliac crest cartilage Xiphoid cartilage of lower 6 ribs linea alba Crest of pubis, pubis symphysis Cartilage of the 5th, 6th, 7th rib

MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
MUSCLES Diaphragm ORIGIN Xiphoid process, costal cartilage, lumbar vertebrae INSERTION Central Tendon FUNCTION Increases vertical diameter of thorax

External intercostals Internal intercostals Quadratus lumborum

Lower border of rib Ridge on inner surface of rib Iliac crest

Upper border of rib below Upper border of rob below

Draws adjacent ribs together Draws adjacent ribs together

Last rib and upper Flexes trunk 4 lumbar laterally vertebrae

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR

MUSCLES Psoas major ORIGIN Transverse preocess of lumber vertebrae Last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Ilium, sacrum, and coccyx Ilium Ilium INSERTION Femur FUNCTION Flexes, rotates thigh medially Flexes trunk Flexes rotates thigh medially Flexes rotates thigh laterally Abducts, rotates thigh medially Abducts, rotates thigh medially

Psoas minor Iliacus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus

Junction of Ilium and pubis Junction of Ilium and pubis Fascia lata, gluteal ridge Tendon on femur Femur

MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR

MUSCLES Tensor fascia lata Abductor brevis Adductor magnus Abtrutor externus Pectineus ORIGIN Ilium Pubis Ischium, ischiopubic ramus Ischium, ischiopubic ramus INSERTION Femur Femur Femur Femur FUNCTION Tenses fascia lata Abducts, rotates thigh Adducts extends thigh Rotates thigh literally Flexes, adducts thigh Adducts, rotates, flexes thigh

Junction ilium and Femur pubis Crest and symphysis of pubis Femur

Adductor longus

MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR

MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR

MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT

MUSCLE FUNCTION

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Popliteus Gracilis Sartorius Quadriceps femoris

Flexes leg; rotates laterally after flexed

Flexes leg; extends thigh Flexes leg; extends thigh Flexes leg;rotates it Adducts thigh, flexes leg Flexes thigh, rotates it literally Extends leg and flexes the thigh

MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT

MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Peroneus tertius Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Plantaris FUNCTION Plantar, flexes foot, flexes leg, suppinates foot Plantar flexes foot Plantar flexes foot Dorsally flexes foot Dorsally flexes foot Everts, plantar flexes foot Everts foot Plantar flexes foot

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES OF THE TOES

MUSCLES Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus FUNCTION Flexes great toe Flexes great toe

Extensor hallucis longus

Interossei dorsales Flexor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus

Extends great toe, dorsiflexes ankle

Abduct, flexes toes Flexes toes. Extends toes Extends toes

Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi

Abducts, flexes great toes

Abducts little toes

MUSCLES OF THE TOES

MUSCLES OF THE TOES

MUSCULAR DISORDERS

CONTRACTURE

CRAMPS

MYALGIA

ATROPHY

MYOSITIS

MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

TENDINITIS

MUCULAR DYSTROPHY

MUCULAR DYSTROPHY