1-Ora010002 Cdma2000 1x Principle Issue5.0

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ORA010002 CDMA2000 1x Principle

ISSUE 5.0
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Describe the development of mobile system List the structure of CDMA2000 1X network State the principle of CDMA2000 1X State the key technology of CDMA2000 1X Describe the air interface of CDMA2000 1X Describe the numbers in CDMA2000 1X
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Page 1
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Page 2
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins

1.2 Development of CDMA System 1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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Transmission Techniques
CDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, GSM and DAMPS
Power
FDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Page 4
Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 1980s (analog) 2nd Generation 1990s (digital)
GSM
AMPS TACS NMT Others CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136
3rd Generation current (digital)

UMTS WCDMA
Analog to Digital
Voice to Broadband
CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA
PDC
3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency
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Difference of 3G Standards
CDMA2000 3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins
1.2 Development of CDMA System

1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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Page 7
Development of CDMA System

CDMA2000 3x
IS95A 9.6kbps
IS95B 115.2kbps
CDMA2000 1x 307.2kbps
Heavier
voice service capacity

Longer
CDMA2000 1x EV 1x EV-DO 1x EV-DV
1995
1998
period of standby time
2000 2003
Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G
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Page 8
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins 1.2 Development of CDMA System
1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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Page 10
Questions
How many standards are there in 3G? How to understand the three techniques of multi-access? How many network elements are there in CDMA2000 1X network?
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Page 11
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Page 12
Chapter 2 Princple of Spreading 2.1 Basic Conception

2.2 Communication Model
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Direct Spread (DS)

Transmission
Wideband signal Slow Information Sent Slow information Recovered
Receiving
Fast spreading sequence
Fast spreading sequence
Direct Sequence Spread spectrum system mixes the input data with a fast
sequence and transmits a wideband signal.

The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and
mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original information.
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Direct Spread (DS)

Information signal bit
Spread sequence
Spread signal
Spread sequence
Recover signal
Spread & De-spread

Spectrum-domain Analysis
Power spectrum of information signal(narrow band) P() Power spectrum of spread signal(broad band) P() Spread
P() Add
P()
P() integral/filtering
De-spread
P()
Recover signals power spectrum (narrow band)
Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and narrow band)
Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and broad band) Page 16
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Correlation
Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel
(a)
Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal
(b)
Orthogonal Function
Sequence 1#
Sequence 2#
1#2 #
Output of integral circuit
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Page 18
Multiple Access
Information bit 1#
Sequence 1# Spread Signal 1# Information bit 2#
Sequence 2#
Spread Signal 2#
Mixed Signal 1+2
Code Division Multiple Address Principle

Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 1#
De-spread Signal
Output of Judgement circuit
1st receiver resume process

Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 2#
De-spread Signal
Output of Judgement circuit
2st receiver resume process

Chapter 2 Princple of Spreading

2.1 Basic Conception
2.2 Communication Model
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Page 22
Communication Model
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Source coding
Channel Coding
Scrambling
Spread
Modulation
RF transit
Reverse Forward Bit Symbol Chip
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
Unscrambling
De-Spread
Demodulation
RF receive
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Page 23
Source Coding
There are 3 types of source coding in CDMA 2000 system:
8K QCELP 13K QCELP EVRC

Characteristic:
Support voice activity

Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Convolution
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding Encoding efficiency= (total input bits total output symbols)
00110001
MUX
Bit 00001011
Register
Symbol 0000110100101011
00100111 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 25
Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Interleaving
Transmission direction Input:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Write by row
Interleaver
Read by column
Transmission direction Output:

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Page 26
Channel Coding
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Without channel coding, receiver cant correct any errors
1 1 1 0 10 1 1 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 101 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 Source 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 1
111 000 111 111
1101
After convolution, receiver can correct errors. But recovery capability is restricted by encoding complexity.
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 111 111 00 0 111 1 0 11 101 1 1 01 1
1011 0100 1 011 1 1 0 1 01 01 1 0 01
101 010 101 101
1 0 1 1
Through the interleaving, the consecutive error codes can be corrected HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27
Scrambling and Spreading

M Sequence for scrambling
Long Code Short Code

Walsh Code for spreading
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Page 28

M Sequence
0 1 0 1 1 0
Out
Two points are important here:
Maximum number of shift register (N) Mask The period of out put sequence is 2N -1 bits Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence

Long Code
The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242 -1chips The functions of a long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel

Control the insertion of power control bit Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the mobile stations
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Short Code
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different sectors
PNc PNb PNa

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Walsh code W2n=
Wn Wn Wn Wn
W1=0 W2=
0 0 0 1
0 0 W4 = 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and each Walsh
code is orthogonal to other A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix Walsh code is used to spread the forward traffic channel
MS: Which BTS I should listen?
BTS A BTS B
BTS C
A PN sequence (short code) with period of 215 bits, is used with 64bits offset. That is
512 total PN available to identify the 512 sectors/BTSs.
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Page 33
MS-B: Which is my signal?

0000000. A 0101010 0000111
MS-H
0
B C
MS-C
MS-G MS-A MS-F MS-D MS-E
0101010
MS-B
Each MS has unique Walsh code. Normally CDMA2000 uses 64 array Walsh codes
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Page 34
BTS: Who is my Mr. D?
MS-C
MS-H
MS-G
MS-A MS-F MS-D MS-E
MS-B
A PN sequence (long code) with period of 242-1 bits which is used to Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel and identify the MS. A unique ESN is used as mask to achieve unique starting point HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 35
Modulation
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Page 36
Questions
How to understand spreading and multi access? What is the main function of each step in communication model ? How to understand the three types of codes in CDMA2000 1X ? Why do we say CDMA system is self interference system ?
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Technology Of CDMA2000
Power control Rake Receiver Soft handoff
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Power Control
Far/near problem exists in wireless system
no power control
after power control
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Page 40
Power Control
CDMA is a self-interference system
no power control
after power control

Power Control
Classification Of Power Control
According to the directions, power control can be divided into:
Reverse power control Forward power control
According to the types, power control can be divided into:
Reverse power control

Reverse open loop power control Reverse closed loop power control Forward power control
Measurement report power control

EIB power control Fast power control
Power Control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
BTS BTS BTS
Mobile Transmitting Power
The mobile transmission power is determined by the following
Distance from the base station Load of the cell Circumstance of the code channels The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.
factors:
Power Control
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value BTS
FER Value BSC Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control
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Power Control
Fast Forward Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt
Eb/Nt Comparator
FER
FER Measurement
BTS
MS
RAKE Receiver
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RAKE Receiver
90
Recover signal from single path and adjust its time delay Correlator 1
Combiner
90
0
Correlator 2
output
Receive set
RAKE receiver can mitigates multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system.
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the time delay and signal strength
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Page 47
Soft Handoff
Pilot Sets
Searcher correlator
All pilot that can be detected by searcher correlator is classify to four pilot set. An active pilot is a pilot whose paging or traffic channels are actually being monitored or used.
Active Set
Candidate Set Neighbor Set Remaining Set

The pilot that not in the active set but potential to be demodulated
The pilot that not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set Other pilot
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Page 48
Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff And Softer Handoff
Soft/softer handoff means
MS can keep traffic channel with two or more sectors. Soft handoffinvolves traffic channel from more than one BTS and Multipath combination in the BSC. Softer handoffinvolves traffic channel from two or more sectors of one BTS and Multi-path combination in the BTS.
Soft Handoff
Important Parameters of Soft handoff
Sector A Sector B
Ec/Io
Add Threshold (T_ADD) Guard Time(T-TDROP)
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region Time T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff. T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot. T_TDROP is a timer.
Soft Handoff
Dynamic Soft Handoff
Pilot strengt h P1 P2
T_ADD
T_DRO P
T_TDROP
T_TDROP
TIME
Neighbor Set Candidate Set
Active Set Active Set
Candidate Set
Neighbor Set
1. P2>T_ADD 2. P2> [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS1) + ADD_INTERCEPT/2]. 4. P1< [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS2) +DROP_INTERCEPT/2] 7. P1<T_DROP HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 51
Questions
Why CDMA system need power control ? What is the function of the RAKE receiver ? What is the difference between hard handoff and soft handoff ? Why can CDMA system support soft handoff ?
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Physical Layer Of IS95
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Page 54

Forward Link: Pilot Channel
W064 Pilot channel (all-zeros)
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with
short code directly

BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously The Pilot channel carries no data
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Page 55

Forward Link: Sync Channel
Code symbol Repetitive code symbol
W3264 To QPSK coder
Sync Ch bits
1.2kbps
Convolution encoder
r=1/2,K=9
2.4kbps
symbol repetition
4.8kbps
Block interleaving
4.8kbps
The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the
network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel. The synchronization message includes: Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN System time: SYS_TIME Long code state: LC_STATE Paging channel rate: P_RAT Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps

Forward Link: Paging Channel
To QPSK coder Paging Convolution channel bits Code symbol
encoder r=1/2,K=9
Symbol repetition
19.2kbps
Block interleaving
19.2kbps
9.6/4.8 kbps
19.2/9.6Kbps
19.2kbps
The paging channel transmits:
W164 decimator
1.2288Mcps
System parameters message Access parameters Neighbors list CDMA channels list message The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
Long code PN generator
Paging channel address mask Page 57
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Forward Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)
Forward traffic channel (172/80/40 or 8.6kbps 16bits/frame) 4.0kbps 2.0kbps 0.8kbps 19.2kbps Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6) Convolution Add 8 Symbol encoder encoded tail repetition r=1/2,K=9 19.2ksybps 9.6kbps bits 4.8kbps 9.6ksybps 2.4kbps 4.8ksybps 1.2kbps 2.4ksybps I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Power control bits 19.2kbps Block interleaver Repetitive symbol Long code generator decimator PN 1.2288 Mcps HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Cos(2pfct)
Baseband filter
+
I(t)
MUX
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code
+
decimator
Baseband filter
+
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) All rights reserved Page 58

Reverse Link: Access Channel
4.4 kbps Access channel (88 bits/frame) Repetitive symbol 28.8 ksps Orthogonal spreading 4.8 ksps (307.2kcps) Add 8 encoder tail bits 4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 ksps Symbol encoder repetition Code r=1/3,K=9 symbol Repetitive symbol 28.8 ksps Block interleaving
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)
Cos(2pfct)
+
Data burst randomizer
Baseband filter
I(t)
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code mask
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 59
Sin(2pfct)

Reverse Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)
Reverse traffic channel 8.6kbps 4.0kbps 2.0kbps 0.8kbps Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6) convolution Symbol Add 8 encoder repetition encoded tail r=1/3,K=9 28.8Ksybps 9.6kbps bits 4.8kbps 14.4Ksybps 2.4kbps 7.2Ksybps 1.2kbps 3.6Ksybps I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)
Cos(2pfct)
Orthogonal spreading 4.8 kbps (307.2kbps) Block interleaver Walsh code
Data burst randomizer
PN chips 1.2288 Mcps
Baseband filter
I(t)
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Long code mask
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Sin(2pfct)

Physical Layer Of CDMA2000

Definition of IS2000s Channel:
Symbol repetition
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Page 61

Forward Channel: F-QPCH
F-PCH
Symbol repetition
1.28S
... 2047 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
F-PCH 80ms
F-QPCH
A1 1 20ms
B1 2 20ms
A2 3 20ms
B2 4 20ms 1 20ms 2 20ms 3 20ms Page 62 4 20ms
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Forward Channel: F-CCCH
20ms frame (9.6kbps)
172 information bits 12 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits


360 information bits With QPCH together, F-CCCH shared by many mobiles carries mobile-specific messages.
16 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits

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Forward Channel: F-DCCH
20ms frames (9.6kbps)
12 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits
172 information bits
F-DCCH is a dedicated signaling
5ms frames (9.6kbps)
channel.
F-DCCH can carry user data that is
typically low-rate.
24 information bits
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16 CRC bits 8 encoder tails bits

Page 64

Forward Channel: F-SCH
The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates
W04 =0000
64
W08 =00000000 W48 =00001111 W28 =00110011 W68 =00111100 W18 =01010101 W14 =0101 W58 =01011010
( W016 ,W816) ( W416 ,W1216 ) ( W216 ,W1416 ) ( W616 ,W1416 ) ( W116,W916 ) ( W516 ,W1316 ) ( W316 ,W1116 )
W02 =00
32
W01 =0
W24 =0011
16 8 4 2 1
W38 =01100110 W12 =01 W34 =0110 W78 =01101001
9600 19200 38400
76800 153600 307200 614400
Data rate -bpsHUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
( W716,W1516 )
Page 65

Reverse Channel: R-PICH
Pilot( all '0's)
Reverse Pilot Channel Power Control Bit The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel Initialization Tracing Reverse Coherent Demodulation Power Control Measurement
Base station enhances the received
Pilot
MUX
Power Control
384 NPN Chips Power Control Group = 1536 NPN Chips
performance and increases the capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot Channel.
N is the Spreading Rate number
Page 66

Reverse Channel: R-EACH
The Function of R-EACH
initiate communication with the base station and to respond to a Paging Channel message transmit its access request T preamble
Reverse Pilot Channel
R-EACH Data
Preamble (All 0s)

R-EACH Frame Data

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Reverse Channel: R-SCH
R-FCH
R-SCH Bursting data is coming
To support data traffic, the R-SCH has two unique characteristics:
only carry user traffic data and does not carry any signaling traffic Should be set up and torn down rather quickly
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Page 68
RC Combination Regulation
Forward Radio Configuration
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD FEC Encoding Modulation Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Radio Configuration 1** 2** 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
Spreading Rate 1 1 1 1 3 3
9.6 14.4 153.6 307.2 230.4 307.2 614.4 460.8 1036.8

Max Data Rate* (kbps) 9.6 14.4 153.6 (307.2) 230.4 153.6 (614.4) 460.8 (1036.8)
1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/8 1/6 1/3 1/4 or 1/3 1/2or 1/3
Effective FEC Code Rate 1/3 1/2 1/4 (1/2) 3.8 1/4 (1/3) 1/4 (1/2)
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

OTD Allowed No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Conv. Conv Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo
BPSK BPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
FEC Encoding Modulation Conv 64-ary ortho Conv 64-ary ortho Conv or Turbo BPSK Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo BPSK BPSK BPSK
Reverse Radio Configuration

RC Combination Regulation
RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively
to rate set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B system.
F-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
R-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5
RC 3 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
Rules:
F-DCCH/SCH RCs RC 3
R-DCCH/SCH RCs
Forward RC1, Reverse RC1
RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
Forward RC2, Reverse RC2

Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3 Forward RC5, Reverse RC4
Page 70
Questions
How many types channels are there in I595 system ? And what
are the functions of these channels ?

What is the function of F-SCH and R-SCH in CDMA 2000 ? The capacity of CDMA2000 is more than that of IS95, could you
give reasons?
How do you understand radio configuration ?
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Page 71
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Page 72
Definition of Coverage Areas

Service area
PLMN area MSC area Location area Cell area Sector area
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MIN/IMSI (identity/international mobile subscriber identity )

15 digits 3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC NMSI IMSI
MSIN
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity For example, 0907550001/460030907550001
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Page 74
ESN (Electronic Serial Number )

A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31
24 23
18 17
Manufacturers number
Retained
Equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone) The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
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Page 75
MDN (Mobile directory number)

subscriber number
CC
MAC
H 0 H 1 H 2H
ABCD
International mobile subscriber DN
National valid mobile subscriber number
Mobile directory number For example, 8613307550001
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Page 76
TLDN (Temporary local directory number)
CC
MAC
44
H 0H 1H 2
ABC
Temporary local directory number For example, 8613344755001
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Page 77
Location Area Identity (LAI)

PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of
which depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.

Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460. MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of Unicom is 03. LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code. 0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For example, 460030100
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Page 78
Global Cell Identity (GCI)

The unique ID of a cell in PLMN Format: LAI+CI CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code, pre
defined by the engineering department. The first 3 digits and the last digit represent the base station number and the sector number respectively. For an omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number 123
contains an omni-directional site
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Page 79
SID/NID
SID=M
NID= t NID= u NID= v
SID=L
SID=K SID=N
In the CDMA2000 1X network, the service area consists of systems
and networks that are identified respectively by the system identification (SID) and network identification (NID).
The system judges whether the MS is roaming according to the SID
and NID.
Summary
The difference of three types of multi-access The function of each process in
Summary
communication mode
Three key techniques The physical layer of IS95 and CDMA2000
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Page 81
Thank You
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ORA010002 CDMA2000 1x Principle

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Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins

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Development of Mobile Communications

3rd Generation current (digital)

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

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1.2 Development of CDMA System

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Development of CDMA System

voice service capacity

CDMA2000 1x EV 1x EV-DO 1x EV-DV

period of standby time

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1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure

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CDMA 2000 Network Structure

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Chapter 2 Princple of Spreading 2.1 Basic Conception

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Direct Spread (DS)

Fast spreading sequence

Fast spreading sequence

sequence and transmits a wideband signal.

Direct Spread (DS)

Spread & De-spread

Recover signals power spectrum (narrow band)

Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and narrow band)

Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and broad band) Page 16

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Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel

Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal

Output of integral circuit

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Sequence 1# Spread Signal 1# Information bit 2#

Mixed Signal 1+2

Code Division Multiple Address Principle

Output of Judgement circuit

1st receiver resume process