Survey of Free Space

Survey of Free Space

Optical
Optical
(FSO)
(FSO)

Communications
Communications
Opportunities in Next
Opportunities in Next
Generation Cellular
Generation Cellular
Networks
Networks
Frdric Demers, Halim Yanikomeroglu &
Frdric Demers, Halim Yanikomeroglu &
Marc St-Hilaire
Marc St-Hilaire
Presented at the Presented at the
Communication Networks and Services Research Communication Networks and Services Research
Conference Conference
4 May 2011 4 May 2011
2 2
Outline
Outline

Motivation & Key Characteristics of FSO systems Motivation & Key Characteristics of FSO systems

Channel model and path loss overview Channel model and path loss overview

Recent advances in FSO communications Recent advances in FSO communications

Full Optical FSO systems Full Optical FSO systems

Hybrid RF/FSO systems Hybrid RF/FSO systems

Mobile FSO systems Mobile FSO systems

Indoor diffuse FSO systems Indoor diffuse FSO systems

Applications within Next Generation Cellular Networks Applications within Next Generation Cellular Networks

Conclusions Conclusions
3 3
Motivation & key characteristics
Motivation & key characteristics

RF spectrum scarcity vs increasing throughput

RF spectrum scarcity vs increasing throughput
requirements
requirements

A single FSO channel can offers Tb/s throughput

A single FSO channel can offers Tb/s throughput
wirelessly
wirelessly

Free space optical spectrum is license free and

Free space optical spectrum is license free and
nearly unlimited (very dense reuse)
nearly unlimited (very dense reuse)

FSO systems are generally very difficult to

FSO systems are generally very difficult to
intercept
intercept

Effective range limited by weather and eye-

Effective range limited by weather and eye-
safety considerations
safety considerations
4 4
Channel model
Channel model

Factors affecting light propagation through

Factors affecting light propagation through
the atmosphere
the atmosphere

Physical composition of atmosphere

Physical composition of atmosphere

Changes in refractive indices

Changes in refractive indices

Aerosol particles
Aerosol particles
5 5
850 nm 1550 nm
Channel model
Channel model
6 6
Channel model
Channel model

Channel effects:
Channel effects:

Absorption
Absorption

Diffraction
Diffraction

Rayleigh scattering (atmospheric

Rayleigh scattering (atmospheric
gases molecules)
gases molecules)

Mie scattering (aerosol particles)

Mie scattering (aerosol particles)

Atmospheric (refractive) turbulence:

Atmospheric (refractive) turbulence:

Scintillation Scintillation

Beam wander Beam wander

Weather
7 7
Channel model
Channel model
8 8
Path loss, RF
Path loss, RF

Typical RF attenuation (e.g. 2 GHz, 15 dBi antenna gains) Typical RF attenuation (e.g. 2 GHz, 15 dBi antenna gains)

Avg path loss in free space -> 68 dB @ 1km , 118 dB @ 10 km Avg path loss in free space -> 68 dB @ 1km , 118 dB @ 10 km

Avg path loss in mobile radio (n=3.4, d Avg path loss in mobile radio (n=3.4, d
0 0
=100 m) -> 82 dB/km, 146 =100 m) -> 82 dB/km, 146
dB @ 10 km dB @ 10 km
2
0
mobile-radio
0
4
n
d d
PL
d

_
_

,
,
9 9
Path loss, FSO
Path loss, FSO
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
,
, , , , 0
x
N x t dx
I t x I t e

Beer-Lambert Law
Absorption
Raleigh Scattering
Mie Scattering
Intensity of transmitter
Intensity of light at point x and time t
Space time distribution of species
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a R M
+ +
M. Bass, "Atmospheric optics," in Handbook of Optics ,Third
Edition ed., vol. 5, M. Bass, Ed. McGraw-Hill, pp. 3.3., 2010.
10 10
Path loss, FSO
Path loss, FSO
3
6
0
2
7.53 10
1 77 1 7733 10
p q
n
T T

_
_
+ +

,
,
( ) ( )
0 T
n n n + r r
r r
Refractive index of air
Temperature Humidity
Pressure
Point in space Stochastic component
11 11
Path loss, RF vs FSO
Path loss, RF vs FSO

Typical RF attenuation (e.g. 2 GHz, 15 dBi antenna gains) Typical RF attenuation (e.g. 2 GHz, 15 dBi antenna gains)

Avg path loss in free space -> Avg path loss in free space -> 68 68 dB @ 1km , dB @ 1km , 118 118 dB @ 10 km dB @ 10 km

Avg path loss in mobile radio (n=3.4, d Avg path loss in mobile radio (n=3.4, d
0 0
=100 m) -> =100 m) -> 82 82 dB/km, dB/km, 146 146
dB @ 10 km dB @ 10 km

Typical optical attenuation (e.g. 1550 nm or 194 THz) Typical optical attenuation (e.g. 1550 nm or 194 THz)

clear atmospheric conditions -> clear atmospheric conditions -> 0.2 0.2 dB/km dB/km

urban (because of dust) -> urban (because of dust) -> 10 10 dB/km dB/km

Rain -> Rain -> 2-35 2-35 dB/km dB/km

Snow -> Snow -> 10-100 10-100 dB/km dB/km

light fog -> light fog -> 120 120 dB/km dB/km

dense fog -> dense fog -> 300 300 dB/km dB/km

maritime fog -> maritime fog -> 480 480 dB/km dB/km
12 12
Full Optical FSO
Full Optical FSO

No requirement for No requirement for

electrical-optical electrical-optical
conversion conversion

Easy extension of Easy extension of

RF-over-fibre links RF-over-fibre links

Wavelength division Wavelength division

multiplexing multiplexing
K. Kazaura, K. Wakamori, M. Matsumoto, T. Higashino, K. Tsukamoto
and S. Komaki, "RoFSO: A universal platform for convergence of fiber
and free-space optical communication networks," Communications
Magazine, IEEE, vol. 48, pp. 130-137, 2010.
13 13
Hybrid RF/FSO
Hybrid RF/FSO
I. I. Kim and E. Korevaar, "Availability of free space optics (FSO) and
hybrid FSO/RF systems," Optical Wireless Communications IV, EJ
Korevaar, Eds. , Proc. SPIE, vol. 4530, pp. 84-95, 2001.

FSO is most affected by fog, RF by FSO is most affected by fog, RF by

rain rain

RF links complements FSO to RF links complements FSO to

achieve carrier class availability achieve carrier class availability
(99.999%) (99.999%)

Lower throughput in adverse Lower throughput in adverse

weather weather
14 14
J. Akella, C. Liu, D. Partyka, M. Yuksel, S. Kalyanaraman and P.
Dutta, "Building blocks for mobile free-space-optical networks," in
Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 2005. WOCN 2005.
Second IFIP International Conference on, pp. 164-168, 2005.
Mobile FSO Systems
Mobile FSO Systems

Tightly packed LED Tightly packed LED

transceivers around transceivers around
spherical device spherical device

Able to maintain optical Able to maintain optical

link in motion link in motion

Experiment rather Experiment rather

simplistic simplistic
15 15
Indoor Diffuse Optical Wireless
Indoor Diffuse Optical Wireless
R. J. Green, H. Joshi, M. D. Higgins and M. S. Leeson,
"Recent developments in indoor optical wireless systems,"
IET Communications, vol. 2, pp. 3, 2008

Non Line-of-Sight optical Non Line-of-Sight optical

communications communications

Multipath interference an Multipath interference an

issue, limiting throughput issue, limiting throughput

Hybrid narrow-beam Hybrid narrow-beam

designs provide both designs provide both
bandwidth and coverage bandwidth and coverage
Next Generation Cellular Networks
Next Generation Cellular Networks

Densification of access points (eNodeB)

Shorter hops

Suitability to mesh connectivity

Heterogeneous access points

Relaying

Distributed antennas

Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission &

Reception (CoMP)

Self-Organizing Networks
17 17
p-eNB
relay
eNB
p-eNB
eNB
relay
Next Generation Cellular Networks
Next Generation Cellular Networks
MME
SAE
GW
aGW
aGW
PDN
GW
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN)
UE
Indoor AP
UE
18 18
Conclusions
Conclusions
Radio frequencies alone will not suffice to provide
the required throughput to the end-users
Next generation networks will require a denser
infrastructure to cater to mobile user needs
This denser infrastructure will shorten hops between
base stations and ease the establishment of mesh
connectivity
These architectural changes open the door to an
increased reliance upon FSO communication
systems PHY layer is not dead!
19 19
Main references
Main references
1. J. Akella, C. Liu, D. Partyka, M. Yuksel, S. Kalyanaraman and P. Dutta, "Building blocks for
mobile free-space-optical networks," in Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 2005.
WOCN 2005. Second IFIP International Conference on, 2005, pp. 164-168. Available:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.143.6352&rep=rep1&type=pdf
2. M. Bass, "Atmospheric optics," in Handbook of Optics ,Third Edition ed., vol. 5, M. Bass, Ed.
McGraw-Hill, 2010, pp. 3.3.
3. R. J. Green, H. Joshi, M. D. Higgins and M. S. Leeson, "Recent developments in indoor optical
wireless systems," IET Communications, vol. 2, pp. 3, 2008. Available:
http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy.library.carleton.ca/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=4446618
4. K. Kazaura, K. Wakamori, M. Matsumoto, T. Higashino, K. Tsukamoto and S. Komaki, "RoFSO:
A universal platform for convergence of fiber and free-space optical communication networks,"
Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 48, pp. 130-137, 2010. Available:
http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy.library.carleton.ca/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=5402676
5. I. I. Kim and E. Korevaar, "Availability of free space optics (FSO) and hybrid FSO/RF systems,"
Optical Wireless Communications IV, EJ Korevaar, Eds. , Proc. SPIE, vol. 4530, pp. 84-95,
2001. Available: http://www.ece.mcmaster.ca/~hranilovic/woc/resources/local/spie2001b.pdf
20 20
Other considerations
Other considerations
1. FSO mesh topologies have been shown to
provide carrier class reliability in spite of
low FSO link availability
2. Relay-assisted transmission is a powerful
fading mitigation tool for FSO systems
operating in channels with atmospheric
turbulence
3. Redundant links and MIMO can be used to
mitigate alignment challenges (turbulence,
building sway)
21 21
Path loss, FSO
Path loss, FSO
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 3
0
n n
D n n C r 1
]
r r
Structure function
wavenumber
( )
( )
2
10
2 5 16
0.00594 10 exp 2.7 10 exp exp
27 1000 1500 100
n
v h h h
C h h A

_ _ _ _
+ +

, , , ,
Hufnagel-Valley Model
Propagation distance
( )
7 6
2
1 1.06 4 A kD l

1
+
]
Receiver aperture
wavenumber
Tweaking factor
v is average of square of wind speed, h is the elevation above sea level
2 7 6 11 6 2
1.23
l n
Ak l C
Variance
refractive index
structure constant
22 22
Channel model (8)
Channel model (8)
Scattering:
Diffraction:
23 23
Channel model (9)
Channel model (9)
Refraction:
24 24
FOS Systems
FOS Systems

Unaffected by EMI interference

Unaffected by EMI interference
25 25
Conclusion
Conclusion
26 26
Whatever
Whatever
) ( ) (
0

+ r n n r n
At optical wavelengths the index of refraction is much more affected by temperature than
pressure fluctuations
The equation that relates temperature fluctuations to index of refraction fluctuations is:
T
T
p x
n

2
6
1
10 79

Where: = C
p
/C
v
= 1.4 for air
p = air pressure in millibars
T = temperature in Kelvin
Index of refraction of the air has a constant and a variable part:
Tilt
Diffraction
Scintillation
Absorption and Scattering
Propagation of light beams through the atmosphere
) ( ) (
0

+ r n n r n
T
T
p x
n

2
6
1
10 79

27 27
Link Budget Examples
Link Budget Examples

Tx Power : 0 dBm (1 mW) Tx Power : 0 dBm (1 mW)

Rx Sensitivity : ~ 35 dBm Rx Sensitivity : ~ 35 dBm

Beam divergence: 2 mrad Beam divergence: 2 mrad

Distance: 1 km Distance: 1 km

Receiver size: 50 mm Receiver size: 50 mm

Geometric loss: 21 dB Geometric loss: 21 dB

Margin: 10 dB Margin: 10 dB

Able to handle light fog 16 Able to handle light fog 16

dB/km dB/km

Tx Power : 20 dBm (100 mW) Tx Power : 20 dBm (100 mW)

Rx Sensitivity : ~ 35 dBm Rx Sensitivity : ~ 35 dBm

Beam divergence: 2 mrad Beam divergence: 2 mrad

Distance: 1 km Distance: 1 km

Receiver size: 50 mm Receiver size: 50 mm

Geometric loss: 21 dB Geometric loss: 21 dB

Margin: 10 dB Margin: 10 dB

Able to handle dense fog at 120 Able to handle dense fog at 120
dB/km dB/km