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Voltage Transformers for - Metering Should Maintain accuracy Between 80 % and 120 % of Rated Voltage and 25 % to 100 % of Rated Burden
- Protection Should Maintain Accuracy Between 5 % of Rated Voltage and Voltage Factor times Rated Voltage Voltage Factors: - 1.5 for 30 seconds for effectively Earthed System - 1.9 for 30 seconds for Non-effectively Earthed Systems _ 1.9 for 8 hours for Resonance Earthed System
Fig 1(B)
Fig1(C)
Fig1(A)
VECTOR DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Class
Ratio Error %
3P
+/- 3.0
6P
+/- 6
+/- 240
Hypothetical 9 MVAr Capacitor Bank Number of Groups (X) : 3 No. of capacitor units/ group:(M) 10 of 100 kVAr 6.35 kV
One unit 6885 V 108 0.65 V Two units - 7520 V 118 0.675 V As the difference is very low for better discrimination Residual voltages of 380 V or 570 V are used
N2 Oil
Schematic Diagram of Layer type Primary Winding and Multiple Secondary Windings
layers
Inter-layer Capacitance
Earth shield
Secondary Windings
As the some of protection windings like winding 3 come into operation for a short duration under fault condition,it is advantageous to except load on this winding for purposes of accuracy measurement on winding 1
N2 Oil
Circuit Diagram
N2 Oil
Discharge of residual charge from switched off lines Discharge of capacitor banks
Remedy: 1. Determine magnitude and waveform of discharge current. 2.Refer to manufacturer. 3.Divide capacitor bank into two or more banks
V.T
Isolator
Vc+V
Vc-V
Vl = f(I)
Fig 26. Points of operation of the circuit (Only first quqdrant shown)
1)
Under Ferro-resonance condition the voltage waveform exhibits presence of higher harmonics and increased voltage. The voltage magnitude goes up to 1.4 P.U. The current magnitude jumps up almost hundred-fold, resulting in severe dielectric and thermal overloading of V.T and eventual failure
2)
3)
FERRO RESONANCE IS KNOWN TO HAVE CAUSED FAILURE OF POWER TRANSFORMER CONNECTED ON THE IDLE CIRCUIT OF A DOUBLE CIRCUIT POWER LINE . FERRORESONANCE OCCURRED ACROSS THE CAPACITANCE BETWEEN THE LINES AND THE Xr.
FERRORESONANCE REMEDIES: 1. OPEN THE BREAKER ISOLATOR IMMEDIATELY AFTER OPENING THE BREAKER ( Isolators to be motor operated and remotely controlled) 2. USE VTs WITH LINEAR MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTIC ACROSS BUSBARS
V.T FAILURES ARE KNOWN TO OCCUR BECAUSE OF INCIDENCE OF HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH FREQUENCY SURGES DURING CAPACITOR SWITCHING MODE OF OCCURRENCE 1. PD ONSET BECAUSE OF INCIDENCE OF SURGE
REMEDY:
EMTP STUDY OF SUBSTATIONS WHERE LARGE CAPACITOR BANKS ARE LOCATED
SEALING FAILURE---Allowing free breathing of atmospheric air DRY BAND FORMATION--During pre-monsoon showers and un-seasonal rains OPEN EARTH CONNECTION OF PRIMARY WINDING -Causing arcing,failure of enamel insulation on winding wire and eventual failure . FAILURE OF FRAGILE PORCELAIN DUE TO GROUND VIBRATIONS. FAILURE OF HIGH VOLTAGE TERMINAL DUE TO MECHANICAL FORCES LIKE WIND LOADS TESTS FOR COMPLIANCE ADDED IN IEC 60044-2 Part 2
Routine Maintenance
At the time of Installation:
Porcelain: Inspect Porcelain for Chipping, Cracks and Leakage of Oil through flanges. Oil Sampling: - To be kept to the barest minimum - BDV to be not less than 60 kV
Routine Maintenance
Periodic Maintenance
Yearly: -Inspect Porcelain for chipping, cracks and oil leakage through flanges. -Clean porcelain with dry cloth Once in two years: BDV and moisture content of oil.Depleted oil can be made up through valve on tank