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Introduction
Meaning:
Networking consists of two or more than two computers connected to each other by a medium (cable) so that they can share a data. Definition: A group of computers and other devices connected together is called a network and the concept of connected computers sharing resources is called as Network.
Many Organizations have a substantial number of computers in operation, often located far apart The goal are
Starting in 1990s, computer networks began to start delivering services to private individuals at home. Below we describe some services.
Social Issues
On the other hand The widespread introduction of Networking will introduce new social, ethical, political problems.
Explanation:
Networking arose from the need to share data in timely fashion. Computers in a network can share: a) Data (b) Messages (c) Graphics (d) Printers (e) Modems.
Types of Networks
There are three different ways in which we classify the networks 1) Organizational Point of View 2) Geographical Point of View 3) Computing Point of View
These are also called Workgroups. A peer-to-peer network comprises of 10 or less users and is suitable for small-sized business organizations. In this model of networking the resources are randomly scattered on the network with every machine acting as a server as well as client
Peer-to-Peer
Examples: LAN
A WAN comprises of a very large physical area that covers countries and continents. Internet is one good example of a WAN. The machines in a WAN are connected through different mediums and protocols. Generally, the Dial-upNetworks are used for this purpose.
Internet MAP
A MAN is almost similar to a WAN that a MAN only encompasses an area that is within a city. CAN is a campus area Network which is used with in a campus for the sharing of resources.
Example: MAN
Internetwork (Internet)
Computing Point of View Networks are divided into two types from the point of view of computing.
Centralized Networks
The centralized networks rely totally on one dedicated machine called server for all the processing and computing and the clients or the terminals act as dumb entities. If the client requires a certain set of data, whole of the data set is transferred at the client end, which also is wastage of the network bandwidth.
Client-Server Networks
In this model of networking, only the required set of data is returned to the client while both the server and the client take part in the processing or computing of the queries. This is a more efficient way of processing and is hence applied generally more than the centralized method, nowadays. .
Topology
A topology is the physical layout or design of the networks that specifies the cabling method as well as the arrangement of the computers. It also explains the access method used by the computers that represent that topology.
Types of Topology
There are following types of topologies, generally: Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Mash Topology
Bus Topology
The bus topology consists of a long linear cable also called trunk or linear trunk or backbone. In this type of topology, all the computers are connected to this main cable. Bus is a passive topology. The main features of the bus topology are discussed as under: Signal Bouncing This is a phenomena observed in this type of topology. In signal bouncing, the data signal travels across the cable medium from one end to another and if not absorbed at the other end, it will keep on bouncing back and forth across the medium and therefore will stop any further communication on the network. This is called signal bouncing.
Bus Topology
Terminator: In order to avoid signal bouncing, a device called terminator is used at one end of the medium that absorbs the signal and hence restricts it from affecting the overall network communication. It could be a grounding method as well with one end grounded into a wall socket.
Signal Attenuation:
After the data travels a long distance on the cable , it starts becoming weaker and weaker until it reaches a point where it cannot be received in the correct form. This process is called Signal Attenuation.
Repeater:
The solution to Signal Attenuation is a device called repeater that regenerates or amplifies the signal to make it strong enough to be received correctly at the destination end
Star Topology
In star topology there is a central network traffic management device called hub/Switch. All the nodes (computers) are connected directly to the hub and are thereby interconnected with each other. Star topology does not allow direct traffic.
Star Topology
Tree Topology
ADVANTAGES
Easily Expanded Easier to Troubleshoot Multiple cable types Supported by hubs
DISADVANTAGES
Hub failure Requires more Cable May require a device to re broad cast signals across the network
Ring Topology
In ring topology the computers connected with each other via a single cable run constitute a logical ring. Ring is an active topology and also that every computer on the ring acts as a repeater i.e., it regenerates the signal and transmits it onto the cable. Token Passing A frame or sequence of data called token passes from one computer to another on the ring and makes the network communication possible in a way that only the computer with token has the opportunity to transmit data on the ring. Here is how the process works: (Token Travling on the ring.swf)
ADVANTAGES
It provides an orderly network in which every device has access to the taken and can transmit It performs well under a heaven load.
DISADVANTAGES
Malfunctioning workstation and cables create problems for the entire network Changes made when adding or removing a device affect the entire network.
Ring Topology
MESH
The mesh topology provides the highest level of fault tolerance. It uses separate cables to connect each device to every other device on the network, providing a Straight Communication path. Dedicated point to point link.
Mesh Topology
Hybrid Topology
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
The difference between active topology and the passive topology is that in an active topology the computers are themselves responsible for the successful transference of data while in a passive topology this is not the case. Example: In star or the bus topology, if a computer fails, this does not affect the whole network and the communications on the network still go on. While in case of a ring topology, if even a single computer goes down, the whole network comes to a state of being down as the token gets stuck into that computer and thereby stopping all the network communication