Environment Present

PENDIDIKAN ALAM SEKITAR
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT
PREPARED BY: THUNISHAA D/O VEERAPPEN EE LI ZAN LOH MIN CEK KHOR JOO HUAT JASINTHA D/O JAYADURAI
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Vision 2020
ensure that her invaluable resources are not wasted. The land must remain productive and fertile, the atmosphere clear and clean, the water unpolluted, the forest resources capable of regeneration, able to yield the needs of the national development. The beauty of the land must not be desecrated: for its own sake and for its economic advancement
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
Environment has two components:
Biotic
livings factors (the
Abiotic
nonliving chemical
other organisms in an organisms environment)

and physical factors
environment
The natural environment, encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries. Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from human activity.
What is ECOLOGY?
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
enormously complex because interactions between organisms and their environment are two-way:
organisms affected by environment, but their activities also can change the environment e.g. photosynthesis by plants, nutrient cycles by animals
Four increasingly comprehensive levels of study

ORGANISM
POPULATION COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
organisms
Any form of living things Deals with behavioral, physiological and morphological ways in which organisms adapt to their environment.
population
A group of interacting individuals belonging to the same species inhabiting a particular geographical area at the same time.
community
All organisms inhabiting a particular area biological community.
It is a complex interacting network of plants, animal and microorganisms studies involve ways in which predation, competition, and other interactions among organisms affect community structure and composition.
Interactions between species
Interspecific
Intraspecific
Interspecific interaction
Positive
Commensalism
Neutral
Competence
Negative
Predation
Mutualism
Parasitism
Ascaris suum
Symbiosis
ecosystem
includes all abiotic factors in addition to the community of species that exist in a certain area
i.e. energy flow, nutrient cycling, etc...
Ecosystem ecology looks at energy transformations and biogeochemical cycling within ecosystems.
ECOSYSYTEM
TERRESTRIAL ESOSYSTEM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
BIOTIC
ABIOTIC
FLORA
FAUNA
LAND
WATER
AIR
ECOSYSTEMS HAVE ENERGY FLOWS FOOD WEB
ECOSYSTEMS CYCLE MATERIALS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

INTERACTION
Biotic components
Primary Producers Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores Detritivores etc
Abiotic components
Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Water or Moisture Soil or Water Chemistry etc
Food chains
GRASS
WORM
CHICKEN
SNAKE
Food Webs
BIRD GRASSHOPPER CAT TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
SNAKE
GRASS
WORM
CHICKEN
HORSE
DOG
LION
TIGER
Food Webs
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM STAR FISH
HARLEQUIN SHRIMP
RAY MOLLUSCA TURTLE
ALGAE SMALL FISH BIG FISH
SHARK
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SEA OTTER
Food chain and food web always begin with producers (plants). Energy enters the biological system as light energy, or photons, is transformed into chemical energy in organic molecules by cellular processes including photosynthesis and respiration, and ultimately is converted to heat energy.
This energy is lost to the system as heat at each trophic level as heat when consumers burn food during cellular respiration.
Elements such as carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus enter living organisms in a variety of ways. Plants obtain elements from the surrounding atmosphere, water or soils. Animals may also obtain elements directly from the physical environment, but usually they obtain these mainly as a consequence of consuming other organisms. These materials are transformed biochemically within the bodies of organisms, but sooner or later, due to excretion or decomposition (process by bacteria), they are returned to an inorganic state. The elements are cycle endlessly between their biotic and abiotic states within ecosystems (Biogeochemical Cycles). damaialam.clanteam.com
photosysnthesis
Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeochemical cycles describe the ecosystem by the transfer of elements through the system. By examining the cycles we can look at the fluxes of nutrients (sources and sinks) and better understand human-caused imbalances.
The Hydrologic Cycle

Over 71% of the earths surface is covered by water:
Oceans contain 97%. Polar ice caps and glaciers contain 2%. Freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground water make up less than 1%.

Distribution of water is not static:
Heat Evaporation Clouds Precipitation
Evaporation Consumed by organisms Groundwater Surface water
Hydrologic cycle

Turnover time is the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed.
Atmosphere 9 days Rivers 12-20 days Oceans 3,100 years
Phosphorus Cycle
Global phosphorus cycle does not include substantial atmospheric pool.
Largest quantities found in mineral deposits and marine sediments.
Much of this in forms not directly available to plants.
Slowly released in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems via weathering of rocks.
Phosphorus cycle
Importance of P transformations
It has been suggested that the level of available phosphorus during soil development is the primary determinant in terrestrial net primary production: P is present in low concentrations in rocks. N is abundant in the atmosphere. Other essential plant nutrients (e.g., S, K, Ca, Mg) are more abundant than P. Bacteria that fix N2 gas to biologically available N require P.
Nitrogen Cycle
Includes major atmospheric pool - N2.
Only nitrogen fixers can use atmospheric supply directly.
Energy-demanding process.
N2 reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Once N is fixed it is available to organisms.

Upon death of an organism, N can be released by fungi and bacteria during decomposition.
Nitrogen cycle
N stocks can be defined by:

Physical location
Atmosphere, Land, Ocean
Atmosphere
N2 N2O NH3
NOx HNO3
Chemistry
Reactive vs. Nonreactive Organic vs. Inorganic
Aquatic
(same species & reaction as terrestrial)
Ecological effects
Fertilizer, greenhouse, acid rain, smog NOx NH3 N2 NH4
Terrestrial
N 2O NO2 Plants NO3
Source
Biological, Anthropogenic, Geochemical
Animals
SOM
Important N species
Non-reactive (99%)
N2, N in recalcitrant minerals
Atmosphere
N2 N2O NH3
NOx HNO3
Reactive
Ammonia (NH3) Ammonium (NH4+) Nitrate (NO3-) Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2-, NO3-) Nitric acid (HNO3) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Organic N (urea, proteins, nucleic acid, SOM, PON, DON)
Aquatic
Terrestrial
NOx NH3 N2 NH4 NO2 Plants N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Important N reactions
Biological
1. Nitrogen fixation
Atmosphere
N2 N2O NH3
NOx HNO3
2.
3. 4. 5.
Assimilation
Mineralization Nitrification Denitrification
Aquatic
Abiotic in atmosphere
Fixation by lightening N2O reactions NOx reactions
Terrestrial
NOx NH3 N2 N 2O 5 1 1 4 NH4 NO2 4 NO3 2 3
Anthropogenic
Fixation by Haber-Bosch Fixation by fossil fuels Burning organic matter
Plants SOM
Animals
Biological reactions: Fixation (BNF)

Who: Rhyzobium bacteria, Azobacter bacteria, cyanobacteria What:
2N2 + 3H2 + energy 2NH3, NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH-
Where: symbiotically in plants and free living, low O2 Why: essential bioelement
But expensive 8-12 g of glucose per 1 g N fixed!
N2 NH3 NH4 NO2 Plants
N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Biological: Assimilation
Who: Plants and certain bacteria What:
NH3 or NO3 + Organic matter Organic N
Where: aerobic & anaerobic environments Why: essential bioelement

N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Biological: Mineralization
(ammonification)
Who: Aerobic & anaerobic organisms of all kinds What:
Organic-N NH3
Where: aerobic & anaerobic environments Why: byproduct of organic matter degradation
N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Biological: Nitrification
Who: chemoautotrophic bacteria What:
NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2 - + 2H2O + 4H+ + energy (Nitrosomonas) 2NO2 - + O2 2NO3- + energy (Nitrobacter)
Where: aerobic environments (surface layer of sediments) Why: ammonium is used as a source of energy
N is oxidized (N3- N3+ N5+ ) O is reduced N2 NH3 NH4 NO2 Plants
N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Biological: Denitrification
Who: Pseudomonas denitrificans What:
C6H12O6 + 4NO3 6CO2 + H2O + 2N2 + energy (N2O = intermediate and byproduct)
Where: anaerobic environments Why: NO3- = best available e- acceptor

Nitrogen is reduced (N5+ N0 ) N2 NH3 NH4 NO2 Plants
N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Atmospheric: Fixation by lightning

What:
N2 + 3O2 + energy 2NO3
Where: atmosphere
NOx NH3
N2 NH4 NO2 Plants
N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Anthropogenic: N-fixing crops

Who: Bacteria in crop plants What:
2N2 + 3H2 + energy 2NH3 Soybeans
Why: green fertilizer
Rice Rhizobium nodules in pea roots

What:
Anthropogenic: Haber-Bosch fixation Who: Human beings

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Where: Industry Why: Fertilizers and munitions

N 2O NO3
Animals
SOM
Anthropogenic: Release thru combustion and respiration

Who: Human beings What: Burning and respiration
Organic-N in fossil fuels, plants, SOM NH4, NOx
Where: Automobiles, industry, forests, agri. lands, drained wetlands Why: Byproduct (acid rains)
Who: Human beings What: Abiotic fixation
Anthropogenic: Fixation thru combustion
Where: Automobiles, industry, forests Why: Byproduct (acid rains)
N2 + O2 + energy 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 NO2 + H2O HNO3
Atmospheric: Abiotic reactions

NOx
Acid formation
Tropospheric ozone formation
SOx + H2O H2SO4 NOx + H2O HNO3
NH3
NOx + O2 + hydrocarbons + sunlight O3

Emissions of N and S oxides in U.S.
N2O
NH3(g) + H2O NH4+ + OH Greenhouse gas Stratosphere destroys ozone
Emissions in U.S. (million tons)
Year
Carbon Cycle
Moves between organisms and atmosphere as a consequence of photosynthesis and respiration.
In aquatic ecosystems, CO2 must first dissolve into water before being used by primary producers. Although some C cycles rapidly, some remains sequestered in unavailable forms for long periods of time.
Carbon cycle
Relevance of Carbon Cycle to Climate Change

CO2 in atmosphere is increasing 0.4% a year (= 40% in 100 yr.) Increasing CO2 causes increased temperatures. (Greenhouse effect) Heat captured by the atmosphere:
1. CO2 2. CH4 3. CFCs 4. NO2, H2O, O3 = 50% = 20% = 15% = 15%
Interaction between biotic AND ABIOTIC
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Environment Present

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PENDIDIKAN ALAM SEKITAR

other organisms in an organisms environment)

and physical factors

Four increasingly comprehensive levels of study

Interactions between species

ECOSYSTEMS HAVE ENERGY FLOWS FOOD WEB

ECOSYSTEMS CYCLE MATERIALS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

RAY MOLLUSCA TURTLE

ALGAE SMALL FISH BIG FISH

damaialam.clanteam.com SEA URCHIN

The Hydrologic Cycle

The Hydrologic Cycle

The Hydrologic Cycle

Slowly released in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems via weathering of rocks.

Once N is fixed it is available to organisms.

N stocks can be defined by:

Biological reactions: Fixation (BNF)

N2 NH3 NH4 NO2 Plants

Where: aerobic & anaerobic environments Why: essential bioelement

Where: anaerobic environments Why: NO3- = best available e- acceptor

Atmospheric: Fixation by lightning

N2 NH4 NO2 Plants

Anthropogenic: N-fixing crops

Why: green fertilizer

Rice Rhizobium nodules in pea roots

Anthropogenic: Haber-Bosch fixation Who: Human beings

Where: Industry Why: Fertilizers and munitions

Anthropogenic: Release thru combustion and respiration

Who: Human beings What: Abiotic fixation

Anthropogenic: Fixation thru combustion

Where: Automobiles, industry, forests Why: Byproduct (acid rains)

N2 + O2 + energy 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 NO2 + H2O HNO3

Atmospheric: Abiotic reactions

NOx + O2 + hydrocarbons + sunlight O3

NH3(g) + H2O NH4+ + OH Greenhouse gas Stratosphere destroys ozone

Emissions in U.S. (million tons)

Relevance of Carbon Cycle to Climate Change

Interaction between biotic AND ABIOTIC

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