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ECOSYSTEM
An Ecosystem is a Natural unit.
Consisting of all Plants, Animals and Microorganisms in an area functioning together with all the physical & chemical (soil, climate, water and light) factors of the environment.
An ecosystem is formed by the interactions

between all living and non-living things.
Eco = the Environment; System = regularly

interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole.
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Structure:
Fundamental Characteristics of Ecosystem
Living/Biotic (Plants, Animals and Microorganisms ) Non-living/Abiotic (soil, climate, water and light )
Energy flow Cycling of matter (chemicals)
Process: Change:
Dynamic/ Changing (not static)
Types of Ecosystem:
The kind of organism which can live in a particular ecosystem depends upon their physical and metabolic adaptations to the environment. On earth there are number of ecosystems within a geographical region which are exposed to same climatic conditions & having dominant species with similar life cycle, climatic adaptations and physical structure. This set of ecosystems is called BIOME In the Biosphere, there are Natural & Artificial biomes.
Natural Biomes (Ecosystems):
Natural ecosystems operate by themselves under natural conditions without interference of man They carry out many functions for us
Terrestrial
They are often defined by the vegetation types that dominate the community. Terrestrial vegetation has a rapid exchange of oxygen, water & carbon dioxide. Moisture is the major limiting factor, faces the problem of dehydration. Aquatic ecosystems deal with biotic community present in water bodies. Aquatic organisms have the same basic needs as the terrestrial organisms However difference lies in the form in which they are made available to them.
Ecosystems (Biomes):
Aquatic

Ecosystems (Biomes):
Freshwater Ecosystem and Marine Ecosystem. Freshwater ecosystem may be: Lotic (Running water) Example: Streams, Rivers, Springs Lentic (Standing water) Examples: Lakes, ponds, swamps
Marine ecosystems includes

Deep sea and Oceans
Components of Ecosystem: Biotic components:

Biotic components refer to the living world of an ecosystem. They are in entirety, any living component that affects another organism. They are of two forms:
Organisms that produce their own food from an energy source, such as the sun, and inorganic compounds. They are also called PRODUCERS Examples; Green Plants. Organisms that consume other organisms as a food source. Examples: Cows; Lions; Vultures
Autotrophs:
Heterotrophs:
Structure of an Ecosystem:
Ecosystem can be described according to its Trophic structure. The trophic structure constitutes the levels of feeding (trophic = food) and the feeding relationships of the components of the ecosystem.
Trophic structure is the pattern of movement of energy and matter through an ecosystem.
All ecosystems must be based upon Autotrophs. Autotrophs (Self feeders) produce organic food for themselves and all members of their community. The green plants (with chlorophyll) & certain bacteria produce food. Since these organisms produce food for all the other organisms, they are known as Producers
Structure of an Ecosystem Autotrophs (Greek; auto = self & trophe = nutrition) take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy-rich molecules such as Carbohydrates. Green plants & photosynthtic bacteria are able to do this by means of Photosynthesis, where the sun provides the necessary energy. Therefore these green plants are the autotrophic organisms or primary producers in most ecosystems.
Structure of an Ecosystem
A Heterotrophs (Greek; heteros = another & trophe = nutrition) are an organisms that uses organic substrates to get its chemical energy for its life cycle. It is the component in which utilization, rearrangement & break down of complex organic substances predominate. They are dependant upon autotrophic organisms. The members (organisms) of heterotrophic component are called Consumers. The heterotrophs are further categorized as MacroConsumers: Heterotrophs, which in an order as they occur in a food chain.
1) Herbivores: Also primary consumers, feed directly on living plants or plant residues. They have vegetarian diet. 2) Carnivores: Also secondary/ tertiary consumers, which feed on consumers, i.e. they have non- vegetarian diet. They are also called Predators 3) Omnivores: Consumers, which feed on producers as well as on primary consumers, i.e. they have vegetarian as well as non- vegetarian diet.

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Tugasan 1

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ECOSYSTEM

An Ecosystem is a Natural unit.

An ecosystem is formed by the interactions

Eco = the Environment; System = regularly

Fundamental Characteristics of Ecosystem

Energy flow Cycling of matter (chemicals)

Dynamic/ Changing (not static)

Natural Biomes (Ecosystems):

Marine ecosystems includes

Components of Ecosystem: Biotic components:

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