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GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAYS

INTRODUCTION
Transportation - needed for the development of

the country. The main mode of transportation is by road or highways. When the soil on a project site cannot support the loads, ground improvement to increase strength, reduce compressibility, and enhance performance under applied loadings may be required. There are various techniques of ground improvement.
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METHODS FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT


Soil stabilization Vertical drains Capillary cut-off Soil nailing Stone columns Vibro compaction

Dynamic compaction

SOIL STABILIZATION
Improvement of stability or bearing capacity of

soil by use of controlled compaction or by the addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers .


There are various methods of soil stabilization .

The methods of soil stabilization are:

Mechanical Stabilization

Soil-cement Stabilization
Soil-lime Stabilization Soil-bitumen Stabilization Chemical Stabilization Electrical Stabilization Stabilization by grouting Stabilization by geotextile and fabrics

Reinforced earth Using bioenzymes


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Mechanical Stabilization Process of improving the properties of soil by changing its gradation. Two or more natural soils are mixed to obtain a composite material.
Cement Stabilization Done by mixing soil and cement with water and compacting the mix to attain a strong material.

Lime Stabilization Lime stabilization is done by adding lime (2%10%) to soil.


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Bituminous Stabilization
Bituminous stabilization provide water proofing

and binding.
Chemical Stabilization Stabilization by adding different chemicals. Electrical Stabilization
Done by a process known as electro-osmosis.

Stabilization by Geotextiles and Fabrics


Geotextile which have very high tensile strength can be used as reinforcement for strengthening soil. Reinforced Earth Soil can be stabilized by introducing thin strips in to

it .
Stabilization using Bio-Enzymes

Bio-enzyme stabilization is a newer technique for strengthening of sub grade soil.


Terra Zyme is one of the largely used bioenzymes.
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VERTICAL DRAINS
Act as free draining water channel. surrounded by a thin filter jacket which prevents the surrounding soil from entering the core. A vertical sand drain accelerates the rate of consolidation. Installation of vertical sand drains is a convenient technique for stabilization of soft and compressible soil . There are two types of vertical drains - sand drains and sand wicks.
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Fig : vertical drains

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Sand drains
Typically 200-500 mm in dia. Formed by infilling sand in to

a hole in the ground.


Hole formed by driving ,jetting

or augering.
Typical spacing 1.5 - 6.0 .

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Sand wicks
Sand wicks are improved technique of sand drains. A small diameter hole is made by driving mandrel or by boring. Then cylindrical bag with sand is lowered into this. A wick drain is usually about, 4 inches wide, 1/8-inch thick which acts as a highpermeability conduit for water to flow out of the soil and to the surface.
Most common application of

wick drains is for accelerating the settlement rate of compressible soils.


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CAPILLARY CUT-OFF
In some cases capillary water accumulates and

saturates the subsurface layers which results in failures.

To arrest this capillary rise, capillary cut-off has

to be provided.

Capillary cutoff is of two types.

Permeable Capillary Cut-off Impermeable Capillary Cut-off


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Permeable Capillary Cut-off


A layer of granular material is provided which has a thickness higher than the capillary rise so that water cannot rise above the cut-off layer

Fig:-Cross-Section of pavement showing Permeable capillary cut-off

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Impermeable Capillary Cut-off

An impermeable capillary cut-off is prepared by inserting bituminous layer in place of permeable blanket.

Fig: Cross-Section of pavement showing impermeable capillary cut-off

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SOIL NAILING
This ground reinforcement process uses steel tendons which are drilled and grouted into the soil to create a composite mass. Earth retention structure that combines reinforcements and shortcrete to support excavations , hillside , embankment steeping etc

The nails must have bending stress. The tension developed in nails provides resisting forces which stabilize the soil mass.
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HOLES DRILLED THROUGH MACHINES


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Fig: Soil nail

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SOIL NAILING
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STONE COLUMNS
Done to provide adequate support for relatively

light foundation.
The method consists of forming vertical holes

in ground which are filled with compacted crushed stone, gravel and sand or a mixture.
The soil-column matrix results in an overall mass having a high shear strength and a low compressibility.
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VIBRO COMPACTION
For loose sand deposits, the density can be increased by vibro

compaction.

The action of the vibrator, usually accompanied by water jetting,

reduces the inter-granular forces between the soil particles, allowing them to move into a denser configuration, typically achieving a relative density of 70 to 85 percent.

This process employs a depth vibrator suspended from crane Compaction of sand can be achieved up to distance of 2.5m from

axis of vibrator.

Compaction can be carried out to significant depths up to 12m.


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PROCESS OF VIBRO COMPACTION


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DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Dynamic Compaction is the

dropping of heavy weights on the ground surface to densify soils at depth.


It involves the repeated

dropping of large steel tampers by means of crawler cranes.


Tampers typically range from 6

to 20 tons and are dropped from heights of about 40 to 80 feet.


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Fig :Dynamic compaction Equipment

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CONCLUSIONS

While constructing highways different ground conditions

are encountered. Considering all factors a suitable ground improvement technique has to be done. Ground improvement techniques have been extensively used by developed countries. Lime stabilization is suitable for expansive soil like black cotton soils. In bitumen stabilization optimum content of bitumen vanes from 4 to 6 % soil. Electrical and Chemical stabilization are expensive compared to others. Stabilization by grouting is suitable only for soils with high permeability. Stabilization by Terra Zyme is most effective for fine grained soil.
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CONCLUSIONS CONTINUE..
Provision of capillary cut-off is effective for

expansive soils. For soft and compressible soils provision of sand drains and sand wicks are found to be effective. Dynamic compaction is found suitable for soft, loose cohesion less soil layers.. Stone column has also been found useful for soft soils.

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References
Sanjay Kr Singh & Pradeep Kr Gupta, (2002), "Critical review of

ground improvement techniques for highways", Vol 30, No: 8, Indian Highways, NewDelhi, pp. 5-13. Gaulkar.M.P, (1999), "Construction of roads III black cotton soils", Vol 27, No: 3, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 37-43. Sharma.S.C, (1994), "Ground Improvement Techniques", Vol. 22, No: 12, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 3-4. (1994), "Application of Geogrids in Highway Engineering", Special report: 12, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, pp. 59-61. Biju.P.B, Kuncheria.P.Issac, (2003), "Studies Stabilization Using TerraZyme for Pavement (M.Tech Thesis Report). on Soil Subgrade" Sharma.V.M. et.al, (2000), "Soil Nailing" ,Vol:28, No: 1, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 46-52. Arora.K.R, (2003), "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering", Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.

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