Automatic Peak Power R Tracker using dSPACE

M.Tech Thesis Presentation By Vikrant A.Chaudhari. Under the guidance of Dr.S.Rangnekar.

Renewable Energy
Alternate sources of energy 1. Biomass. 2. Solar Energy. 3. Wind Emergy. 4. Geothermal Energy. 5. Microhydel. 6. Fuel cells.

Why Solar Energy.

Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It is free. It is also the most important of the nonconventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting.

Facts about solar energy.

Earth surface receives 1.2x1017 W of power from sun. Energy supplied by the sun in one hour is almost equal to the amount energy required by the human population in one year. Most if the other source on renewable energy have their in sun.

How electricity is generated through Solar Energy

Solar photo voltaic (SPV). Can be used to generate electricity form the sun. Silicon solar cells play an important role in generation of electricity.

Solar cells Characteristics.

Isc-short circuit current. Voc-open circuit voltage. Peak power.

Isc

Voc

How solar cells Generate electricity

From Cells to Modules

The open circuit voltage of a single solar solar cell is approx 0.5V. Much higher voltage voltage is required for practical application. Solar cells are connected in series to increase its open circuit voltage.

Characteristics of a typical Solar Pv Module.

Variation of characteristics of Solar module with change in the atmospheric conditions

Variation due to isolation Change

Variation of characteristics of Solar module with change in the atmospheric conditions

Variation due to Temperature change.

Conclusion from the Characteristics.

Power of the module has only single maxima. Peak Power of the module changes with the change in temperature. Peak power of the module changes with the change in isolation level. Need to track the peak power in order to maximize the utilizations of the solar module/array.

How Peak Power is tracked.

Peak Power is tracked by adjusting the impedance of the load. This is obtained by using an interface between the load and the solar module. A Dc/Dc converter can act as a interface between the load and the module.

Block Diagram

How Peak Power is tracked.

Conclusion.

Dc/Dc converter is must in tracking peak power. Duty cycle of the converter needs to be changed for adjusting the peak power. How to adjust the duty cycle? Manual or Automatic.?

DC/DC converters
L
1 g 2 m

Pulse Vi DC Voltage

Ideal Switch

Vo=D*Vi

C D=duty cycle =Ton/T

m k

RL

D
a

G3 G4 Step Down Converter G2 G1

Step down converter Vo=D*Vi Vo<Vi

DC/DC converters
L
k

Pulse

a m

D Vi DC Voltage C D=duty cycle =Ton/T

1 g

Vo=Vi/(1-D)

RL

Ideal Switch
m 2

G3

G4 G2 Step Up Converter G1

Step up Converter Vo=Vi/(1-D) Vo>Vi

Duty Cycle

D=ton/t

Methods of obtaining Peak Power

Though Manual tracking is possible but is waste of time. Automatic tracking is a better choice. Algorithms are used for Automatic Peak Power tracking.

Different Algorithms.
Perturb

& Observe. (P&O). Incremental conductance. Parasitic Capacitance method. Voltage Based Peak Power Tracking. Current Based Peak Power Tracking.

Perturb & Observe

Incremental Conductance

Parasitic Capacitance
Account the parasitic capacitances of The solar cells in the PV array . Parasitic capacitance uses the switching ripple of the PPT to perturb the array. To account for the parasitic capacitance, the average ripple in the array power and voltage, generated by the switching frequency, are measured. The incremental conductance algorithm is then used to determine the direction to move the operating point of the MPPT.

Voltage Based Peak power Tracker.

Peak Power point of the module is at 76% of the module open circuit voltage. This value is fixed and does not vary much with the changes in the environmental conditions. By measuring the open circuit voltage and adjusting the module voltage to about 76% of Voc the peak power can be tracked.

Current Based Peak Power Tracker.

Peak Power of the module lies at about 95% of its short circuit current. Measuring the short circuit current Isc and adjusting the operating the converter at 95% of Isc the module can be made to operate at Peak power.

Algorithm Used in the Present Report.

Algorithm

Module Voltage and Current measured at kth instant. Power is calculated at kth instant. P(k) P(k) stored in the memory. Module Voltage and current calculated at k+1th instant. Power at k+1th. P=P(k+1)-P(k).

Algorithm

Also V=V(k+1)-V(k). Depending on the sign of the P and V the duty cycle of the module is varied. If P>0 and V>0 then D=D- D. If P>0 and V<0 then D=D+ D. If P<0 and V <0 then D=D+ D. If P<0 and V>0 then D=D- D. Were D= duty cycle and D is perturbation.

Simulation of the Peak Power tracker

Simulation in Matlab/Simulink. Model of solar PV module developed. Model of Dc/Dc converter. Load. Development of PPT algorithm in Simulink.

Solar PV Module Model.

Iph > V
Iph

IL Id

> Rs
RL

Electrical Model of PV Cell

Model of PV Module.
amps/W/m^2 1 insolation Iph
anode

1
signal

-K-

Rs

Product 2 ambient temp 25 -Ktemp coeficent Isc room Temp constant diodes

+ v -

15.32 Display2 3 -

cathode

Voltage 1

G1 G4 G3

-Ktemp coeficent Voc

signal -

Controlled Source

G2

Simulink Model of Solar PV Module.

Model of Solar PV Module.

Simulink Model of the PPT

Simulink Model of the Algorithm

Peak Power Tracking.

Peak Power Tracking.

R dSPACE

A real time Control solution. Control of hardware through Personal computer. Works on Matlab/Simulink Platform. Automatic C code generation. Easy to generate control logic in Matlab/Simulink and downloading to the dSPACE add on card.

Experimental Setup
Solar

module Dc/Dc converter(step up and step down). A load (resistive load) Personal computer (installed with dSPACE hardware)

Experimental Setup.

Solar Module

Isc=2.9A. Voc=20V. Power=38W. Vp=17.7V. Ip=2.2A.

Hardware Setup.

Schematic
D1 Cout R5 Lout RLoad PV module. R4 Rcurrent_sense Cin M1

Panel Current TRIGGERING PULSES

0

Panel Voltage

Personel Computer With dSPACE card

SCHEMATIC OF BUCK CONVERTER.

Results

Results.

Results.

Results

Results

Results.

Results.

Results.

Results.

Conclusions

Power output of the module improves by about 100%( doubles) with the PPT system than it was with out the MPPT system. The power delivered to the load in case of stepdown and step up converter is almost same. Only difference that was observed was with the output voltage.

Conclusions

Temperature of the module is an important parameter. The power output of the module changes by about 0.5% for every degree rise in temperature. So a 38W module gives only a power of about 29W peak The module placement also plays an important role in power output. Module is kept in south facing. Buts its elevation angle must be adjusted every month to get high power output.

Future Scope.

Perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for peak power tracking is explained in the present report. Simulink models of algorithms other than P&O can be developed and tested on the real time platform using the dSPACER. Microcontroller based dedicated MPPT controller can be carried out using the same algorithm.

Future Scope.

A whole stand alone system including the MPPT system and the inverter system can be developed using the dSPACER.

References.

1].Chihchiang Hua, ,Jongrong Lin, and Chihming Shen,Implementation of a DSPControlled Photovoltaic System with Peak Power Tracking,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1998 pp 99-107. 2].Chihchiang Hua and Chihming Shen, Control of DC/DC Converters for Solar Energy System with Maximum Power Tracking.

References.

3]. K. H. Hussein et al, Maximum photovolatic power tracking: An algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. vol. 142, pt. G, no. 1, pp. 5964, Jan. 1995. 4].C.R. Sullivan and M.J. Powers,A HighEfficiency Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Arrays in a Solar-Power Race Vehicle, IEEE PESC93, 1993, pp.574-580.

References.
5].B.K. Bose, P.M. Szczesny and R.L. Steigerwald,,Microcomputer Control of a Residential Photovoltaic Power Condictioning System, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. IA-21, no. 5,Sep. 1985, ppll82-1191. 6].Xuejun Liu and A.C.Lopes,,An Improved Perturbation and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for PV Arrays IEEE PESC 2004, pp.2005-2010.

References.

7].D. P. Hohm, M. E. Ropp,Comparative Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms Using an Experimental, Programmable, Maximum Power Point Tracking Test Bed,IEEE,2000.pp.1699-1702. 8]. Mohammad A. S. Masoum, Hooman Dehbonei, and Ewald F. Fuchs, Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Photovoltaic Systems With Voltage- and Current-Based Maximum Power-Point Tracking, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2002.

References

9]. T. Markvart, Solar Electricity, John Wiley & Sons,1994. 10]. N. Mohan et al., Power Electronics Converter, Applications, and Design. New York: Wiley, 1995. 12]. www.ieeexplore.ieee.org 13]. www.mathworks.com 14]. www.dspace.de

Questions?

Thank You.