Last of the

Particles?
Search for Higgs at LHC

Satyaki
Bhattacharya

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 Prof. Higgs and his boson
• Peter Ware Higgs (born May 29, 1929), FRSE, FRS, until recently held a
personal chair in theoretical physics at the University of Edinburgh and is
now an emeritus professor.
• Higgs is best known for his 1960s proposal of broken symmetry in
electroweak theory, explaining the origin of mass of
elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular.
This so-called Higgs mechanism predicts the existence of a new
particle, the Higgs boson. Although this particle has not turned up in
accelerator experiments so far, the Higgs mechanism is generally accepted
as an important ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics. Higgs
conceived of the mechanism in 1964 while walking the Cairngorms, and
returned to his lab declaring he had had his "one big idea".
• Peter Higgs has been awarded a number of prizes in recognition of his
work, including the Dirac Medal and Prize for outstanding contributions to
theoretical physics from the Institute of Physics, the 1997 High Energy and
Particle Physics Prize by the European Physical Society, and the 2004
Wolf Prize in Physics.
• Many others contributed to the concept – Englert, Brout,
Anderson…

Higgs boson is also

referred as Higgs-Anderson boson
(e.g. see Wikipedia)
Ref: Wikipedia
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 Mankind’s ancient question
Where did everything come from? What is everything made up of?

न तत सूयो भाित न चनदतारकं नेमा

ििदयूतॉ भािन कूतोयः यमगिनः
तिमेब भानताम ् अनूभाित सि॔ तसय
भासा सिि॔मदम ििभाित

In the beginning there was no sun,

neither did the moon shine, nor the stars,
man made light was no where.
It is Your light that lit up everything else,
Every thing in this world shines from Your light
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 Physicists’ latest answer

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 Names of the actors: Matter

• All of matter is made up of spin ½ particles

• Leptons:
• electron (e), muon(µ), tau(τ) (charge -1
and +1) and 3 neutrinos (charge 0)
• Quarks:
• Up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom
• They have fractional charges (2/3 and -1
/3)!!

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 Names of the actors: Forces

• Forces are carried by spin 1 particles called

guage bosons:
• Electromagnetic:photon
• Weak: W+-, Z0
• Strong: gluon
• Gravitational: I don’t know – may be YOU will
find out one day…
• quarks participate in all interactions (i.e. they can
exchange photon, W, Z, gluon)
• Leptons can’t exchange gluons

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 Feynman Diagrams

This is more than just a picture !

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 Without Higgs…
According to standard model

• Without Higgs we won’t be here because:

• All fundamental particles will be massless,
travelling at the speed of light in vacuum
• Higgs boson – the charge less spin zero
massive particle is the quantum of an all
pervading Higgs field through which
particles move – and interaction with this
field gives them mass

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 How to discover new particles?
• How do we discover
Higgs? Beware of fake products!
• Good old principle:
• Produce the particle by colliding
other particles
• Look at decay products Measure E,p,
• Reconstructruct invariant mass Get the mass of the
• Look for a peak in the invariant original particle
mass distribution E1E2(1-cos(theta12))

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 Example

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 Plan for finding Higgs
• What do we collide? 7 Tera electron Volt
Protons
• At what rate? Once every 25 nano
seconds
• How often do we expect to see Higgs? A
few every second.
• What will they decay to? Could be a pair
of top-antitop or bottom antibottom or two
photons or two Z0s…
OK! So we just have to catch these particles
and measure E,p
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 The LHC

Z
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 LHC in ACTION

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 Proton
Proton is a rather complex bag of quarks and gluons

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 ProtonProton

7 TeV

7 TeV

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 partonparton
Two partons, usually with
different momenta collide
and often anihilate giving
rise to other particlesin
the final state

100 GeV 500 GeV

Note: parton =
quark,
antiquark or Z
gluon
Beam axis
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 Of quark bondage: Jets
• There is no free quark in the
world
• Quarks and gluons, as they fly
apart from each other – give
birth to other quarks and
gluons, eventually all these
quarks and gluons combine
with each other to make pions,
nutrons, eta’s rho’s … known
as hadrons
• They all more or less fly in the
direction of the original
quark/gluon and that is JET
• Jets are the only signatures Two charm quarks moving
of quarks and gluons that apart from each other
we can see experimentally

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 Luminosity and cross section
• If I shoot 1011 protons every 25 ns through another 1011 protons most
of them will sail through.
– how many will collide/ sec?
– Out of every hundred collition how many will produce Higgs?
• Ans: no. of collisions / sec = σ (1011X 1011)/25ns/500sq-micron
(provided the beam cross section is 500 sq-micron).
• Sigma(σ ) is called reaction cross section and contains the entire
physics of all possible interactions between the colliding quarks and
gluons (calculated by phenomenologists)
• The remaining terms in the formula together are called luminosity(L)
• In general: Number of collisions/sec = L σ
(the actual formula for luminosity is somewhat more complicated, which
takes into account the crossing angle of the beams, lorentz
contraction of the bunches etc.)

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 Higgs production at LHC

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 channels
search
Higgs Decays

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 data taking starts 2007 ?

Startup Luminosity 2X1033 cm-2/s

that is: 10 fb-1 per year

Silicon Tracker
 pT ; 15  pT (TeV )%
pT

PbWO4 ECAL
 E 2.7% 0.15
  0.5% 
E E E

sampling brass
HCAL  E 120
  5%
E E

solenoid
4Tesla field

MUON Chambers
 pT
global ; 1.0  1.5%@100GeV
pT

24 April. 2006, Khalsa College, Delhi S. Bhattacharya * numbers are for barrel 21
 The Tracker

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 The ECAL

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 The HCAL

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 The Muon Chamber

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 CMS in ACTION

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 Transverse slice through CMS detector
Click on a particle type to visualise that particle in CMS
Press “escape” to exit

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 h  γγ
Two clean electromagnetic clusters
(For unconverted photons) CMS Detector: schematic X-sectional view
Backgrounds: gg,qqγγ,qgqγ
@low luminosity HCAL

jet-jet 105 events/s

jet+photon 102 events/s
2 photon 1 event/12.5s
Higgs 1 event/25s
h2photon 1 event/10,000s
two photon background

ECAL
gamma+jet background
TRACKER
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 h γγ mass peak
events/50MeV

mγγ for
σ γγ 130 GeV
=646MeV Higgs

CMS full detector simulation. Ref: CMS Note 2003/033

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 H  ZZ  4l
Clean, resolution better than 1GeV
Discovery Luminosity:

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 Significance (or what we hope…)

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 You can do it too…

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