Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate

and Its Importance to

Sustainable Materials
Stan Vitton, PhD, PE
Associate Professor
Michigan Technological University
Jakes Law
Anything hit with a big
enough hammer will fall
apart
Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT)
Graduate Students
Rich Verstrate
Travis Davidsavior
Research Engineer - Torsten Mayberger
Turunen Quarry Pelkie, MI
Michigan Tech University


Dynamic Effects??
Strain Rate??
o
L
Strain
L
A
=
Strain
StrainRate
Time
c = =
AL
L
o
Dynamic Strength & Stiffness
Strain Rate
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

a
n
d
/
o
r

S
t
i
f
f
n
e
s
s

10
-6
/second
ASTM Concrete
Testing
10
2
/second
Blasting
10
0
/sec
Fragmentation
Strain Rate
F
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

10
-6
/second
ASTM Concrete
Testing
10
2
/second
Blasting
10
0
/sec
Why?
Slow
Fast
Why?
Slow
Fast
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
Equipment Setup
Striker
Bar
Incident Bar
Transmission Bar
Specimen
Nicolet Digital Oscilloscope
Wheatstone
Bridge
Large-Diameter SHPB:
SHPB - Output Bar (left), Input Bar (right)
SHPB - Canon, Striker Bar, Input Bar (left)
Sample Data Air
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
S
t
r
a
i
n

G
a
g
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
Time (s)
Bars Apart
(total impedance mismatch)
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
Sample Data Steel
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
S
t
r
a
i
n

G
a
g
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
Time (s)
Bars Together
(no impedance mismatch)
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
Sample Data Aluminum
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
S
t
r
a
i
n

G
a
g
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
Time (s)
6061-T6 Strain Gage Data
3ft Input
6ft Input
3ft Output
6ft Output
Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Aggregate Location

Ontario Traprock
Quarry
Algoma Steel Co.
Moyle Quarry
Port Inland
Quarry Cedarville
Quarry
Presque Isle Stone
Bay County Road
Commission Quarry
EDW. C. Levy Company
Rockwood Stone Quarry
France Stone Co.
Denniston Farms Quarry
Michigan
USA
Ontario
Canada
Lake Superior
Aggregate Type and Specific Gravity

#

Source
(MDOT ID)


Material Type

Orientation to
Bedding


G
ab



G
B



G
B,SSD


Porosity
(%)

1.


Algoma Steel

Air-Cooled Blast

Furnace Slag

Porous Region

Dense Region

2.973

2.888

2.09

2.40

2.41

2.57

30

17

2

Algoma Steel

Water Quenched Blast
Furnace Slag


Random


2.942


2.43


2.61


17

3

Levy Co.

Water Quenched Blast
Furnace Slag


Random


2.985


2.42


2.61


19

4

Presque Isle Stone


Limestone


Random


2.687


2.51


2.58


6

5

Bay County


Limestone


Perpendicular


2.697


2.63


2.68


2

6

Port Inland


Limestone


Random


2.69


2.68


2.68


<1

7

Cedarville


Dolomite


Random


2.770


2.71


2.75


2

8

Denniston


Dolomite


Perpendicular


2.828


2.48


2.65


12

9

Rockwood


Dolomite


Parallel


2.836


2.49


2.63


12








Perpendicular


2.834


2.60


2.70


8

10

France Stone


Dolomite


Perpendicular


2.818


2.78


2.82


1

11

Moyle


Flood Basalt


Random


2.938


2.89


2.91


1.6

12

Ontario Traprock


Diabase


Random


2.931


2.91


2.92


<1

Water-quenched Slag
Air-Cooled Slag
Presque Isle Limestone
Bay County Limestone
Port Inland Limestone
Cedarville Dolomite
Dennison Farms Dolomite
France Stone Dolomite
Basalt - Rapid Geologic Cooling
(Flood Basalt)
Diabase - Slower Geologic Cooling
(Traprock)
Dynamic & Static Compression
Strength Results

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Sample Type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
F
a
i
l
u
r
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
Dry Rock
1.5
2.5
3.5
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

B
u
l
k

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

B
(
g
/
c
m
3
)
Dynamic -
Static
Bulk Density
A
B
C
D
E
A' -- Super High Strength
A -- Very High Strength
B -- High Strength
C -- Medium Strength
D -- Low Strength
E -- Very Low Strength
A
'
Slag Limestone Dolomite
Igneous
next geometri c progressi on
Slag
Limestone
Dolomite
Igneous
0
100
200
300
400
500
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
Bulk Density
B
(Mg/m
3
)
M
e
a
n

C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
Dynamic
Static
Linear
(Dynamic)
Linear
(Static)
Dynamic to Static Strength Ratio, D/S

d
s
Dynamic Strength D
Static Strength S
o
= =
o
d s f
d
s
d
d(log )
log
o o o
= =
c | |
c
|
c
\ .
Strain Rate Sensitivity Factor,
Dynamic to Static Strength Ratios

Material
Dynamic/Static
(Dry)
Dynamic/Static
(Saturated)
Slag
1.93 2.68
Limestone
2.30 2.23
Dolomite
1.64 1.83
Igneous
1.78 2.55
Strain Rate Sensitivity Values
ID
Number

Strain Rate Sensitivity,
Aggregate




Average

1.0

Algoma air cooled blast furnace slag porous section

3.00



4.2

1.2

Algoma air-cooled blast furnace slag dense section

9.81

2

Algoma water-quenched blast furnace slag

2.93

3

Levy water-quenched blast furnace slag

1.27

4

Limestone, Presque Isle

9.97



5

Limestone, Bay County

13.59

16.4

6

Limestone, Port Inland

25.52



7

Dolomite, Cedarville

10.27



8.6

8

Dolomite, Denniston

8.77

9

Dolomite, Rockwood

4.52

10

Dolomite, France Stone

10.81
11

Basalt, Portage Lake Lava Series, Moyle

26.90


29.1

12

Diabase, Ontario Traprock

31.30

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
Bulk Density
B
(Mg/m
3
)
R
a
t
e

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

Slag
Limestone
Dolomite
Igneous
Slag (1)
Slag (2)
Slag (3)
Dolomite (9)
Dolomite (10)
Dolomite (7) Dolomite (8)
Limestone (4)
Limestone (5)
Limestone (6)
Igneous (11)
Igneous (12)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Rate Sensitivity Parameter
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

L
A

A
b
r
a
s
i
o
n

V
a
l
u
e
Slag
Carbonates
Igneous
Slag (1)
Slag (3)
Dolomite (9)
Limestone (5)
Dolomite (8)
Dolomite (7)
Dolomite (10)
Limestone (4)
Limestone (6)
Basalt (11)
Diabase (12)
Aggregate Dynamic & Static
Strength Conclusions


D/S: Ranged from 1.3 to 2.7
Slag and igneous had similar D/S and were
affected by saturation
Carbonates: limestone had a significantly higher
D/S than dolomite while neither were affected by
saturation
Strain Rate Sensitivity Parameter, :
Igneous: = 29.1
Limestone: = 16.4
Dolomite: = 8.6
Slag: = 4.2



Aggregate Dynamic & Static
Strength Conclusions Continued



Variations in appear to be due to the aggregate's
microstructure, e.g.,
Limestone primary precipitate
Dolomite secondary replacement




Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Aggregate Interlock Test Setup
0.50 inch
3 kip
3 kip
Normal
Force
Reaction
Test Frame
Concrete Fracture Device
Aggregate Interlock System
Vertical Actuator
(Shear loading)
Horizontal Actuator
(Normal resistance)
a
a
projected
face
Load-bearing holder
Aggregate Interlock System
Aggregate Interlock System
High Strain Rate Behavior in
Transportation Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Reasons
Fast track scheduling

Construction areas are
becoming more dense

Quarries are subjected to
urban encroachment

Society is becoming more
litigious
Time of Concrete Mixing
Used thermocouples
Placed in concrete
cylinders

Compare to ambient
temperature

Maturity occurs when
internal temperature
returns to ambient
Concrete Maturity Curve
Maturity Test
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (Hrs)
T
e
m
p

(
F
)
Cylinder #2 Cylinder #1 Cylinder #3 Cylinder #4 Ambient
Open
Door
Project Site: Turunen Quarry
Located Near Pelkie, MI
Active Limestone/Dolomite Quarry

Work Area
Blast Components
Blasting
Caps
Explosives
Hole Loading
Seismometers
Sample Preparation - Field
Batch
Components


Mix
Components
5-2-4 Minutes
Consolidate
Concrete at
10,500 rpm
(175 Hz)
Place
Containers at
Appropriate
Site
Dynamic Compression Testing
Parameters
SHPB was used
35psi chamber
pressure fired striker
bar
Pennies were used to
transform square wave
to triangular wave
Specimens completely
crushed
Data collected using
oscilloscope
Conclusions
There is generally no difference in the means
of the data
More evidence supports a gain of strength at
2 hours than a loss at any other age
Weak bonds may be broken and concrete
experiences self-healing
Vibrations up to 10.6 in/s MaxPPV have little
or no detrimental affect on this mix of green
concrete

Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Various Crushing & Grinding
Units
Cone, Jaw, Hammer Crushers
Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI)
Crusher
Crushing & Grinding - Aggregate
Crushing
Hammer
Cone
Jaw
VSI

Grinding
LA Abrasion
Micro-Deval
Aggregate Interlock
(PCC)
Handling & Storage
Resilient Modulus
Friction-Polishing
Effects of Blasting on Rock
Recent International Society of Explosive
Engineers:
The Effects of Blasting on Crushing and Grinding
Efficiency and Energy Consumption
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragmentation
Small Scale Study of Damage Due to Blasting and
Implication on Crushing and Grinding
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragments
Degree of Fragmentation Under High Strain Rates
Blasting Induced Rock Fragmentation Prediction Using
the RHT Constitutive Model for Brittle Materials
Damage to Rocks and Cementitous Materials from Solid
Impact Erosion (wear) of rock and concrete


Abrasion
(Wear)
Crushing
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

B
r
e
a
k
a
g
e

R
a
t
e

Size
Large (<1m)
Small (20 m)
Autogenous
Grinding Mill
Abrasion
(Wear)
Crushing
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

B
r
e
a
k
a
g
e

R
a
t
e

Size
Large
Small (20 m)
Autogenous
Grinding Mill
Size Range
for
Aggregates
General Conclusions:
Increased evidence indicates that blasting
has a significant impact on crushing and
grinding
Blasting affects both the physical and rock
mechanics properties
An important component of optimum
fragmentation appears to be micro-fracturing
within individual fragments
Dynamic Fracture of Aggregate
and Its Importance to
Sustainable Materials
High Strain Rate Behavior
Dynamic Aggregate Testing
Other Transportation Applications
Aggregate Interlock
Green Concrete
Crushing and Grinding
Conclusions
Conclusions/Thoughts
Aggregate and concrete materials are rate
sensitive
The D/S ratio appears to indicates the
degree of crystalline structure
The rate sensitivity parameter appears to
correlate with microstructure
Conclusions/Thoughts
Dynamic fracture testing may provide a
means to test micro-structure to better
understand friction and other properties
There are a number of areas in transportation
materials where high strain rate behavior has
significant application
Thank You Questions ?