Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus

There are two kinds of people, those who do the work and those who take the credit.
Try to be in the first group; there is less competition there.
- Indira Gandhi
Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus
Anticipation Guide
Check the following ideas and say if you agree or disagree with them: Sex and gender are terms that relate to the same thing and may be used interchangeably; Men and women who share the same language use it in different ways; Difference in language use may be attributed to language structure; and Sexism in language occurs due to sexist language users.
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Words to Ponder
Sissy, tomboy Pasteurization, maudlin Vixen, cat, bunny, old bat Jo, Kelly, Teri, Shawn, Toni, Sam Rose, Lily, Ivy, Daisy, Iris, Petunia Sugar, honey, cookie, cheesecake
Read this!
In the chicken metaphors, a young girl is a chick. When she gets old enough she marries and soon begins feeling cooped up. To relive the boredom she goes to hen parties and cackles with her friends. Eventually she has her brood, begins to henpeck her husband, and finally turns into an old biddy.
SEX vs. GENDER

Sex is biologically determined whereas gender is a sexual construct involving the whole gamut of genetic, psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females.
What is GENDER?
is not a pool of attributes possessed by a person, but something a person does. - Wodak (1997) what it means to be a woman or to be a man changes from one generation to the next and varies between different racialized, ethnic, and religious groups. - Elsewhere (1997)
What is GENDER?
Gender is also something we cannot avoid; it is a part of the way in which societies are ordered around us, with each society doing that ordering differently. The force of gender categories in society makes it impossible not to behave in a way that brings out gendered behaviors in others.
The Differences
genetic make-up physical attributes level of maturity verbal skills different socialization practices
life expectancy voice quality academic performance
Describing Womens Speech

Mens speech usually provides the norm against which womens speech is judged. Trivial, gossip-laden, corrupt, illogical, idle, euphemistic, deficient; a bit more imprecise, cultivated, or stylish even less profane than mens speech
Describing Womens Speech

Women conform more closely than men to sociolinguistic norms that are overtly prescribed, but conform less than men when they are not to read that men are less conforming than women with stable linguistic variables, and more conforming when change is in progress within a linguistic system
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Linguistic Literature on Gender-Linked Differences in Language Use

Phonology Morphology and Vocabulary Grammatical Gender System Word Choice Use Paralinguistic Systems
Linguistic Literature on GenderLinked Differences in Pronunciation

Carib Indians Carib men + Arawak women = different languages for men and women Gros Ventre palatalized velar stops for women (kjatsa) vs. palatalized dental stops for men (djatsa) Yukaghir /ts/ and /dz/ for women and children vs. /tj/ and /dj/ for men

Bengali men substitute /l/ for initial /n/; women, children and the uneducated do not do this Chukchi men drop /n/ and /t/ when they occur between vowels (nitvaqenat for female; nitvaqaat for male) Montreal women drop /l/ in the pronouns il and elle

Schoolgirls in Scotland pronounce the t in words like water and got more often than schoolboys Koasati men often pronounce an s at the end of verbs but women did not (lakaw, lakaws)
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Gender-Linked Differences in Morphology and Vocabulary

Women use color words like mauve, beige, aquamarine, lavender, and magenta, and adjectives such as adorable, charming, divine, lovely, and sweet. (Lakoff 1973) Women are also said to have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects on them, words and expressions such as good, such fun, exquisite, lovely, divine, precious, adorable, darling, and fantastic.
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English language makes certain distinctions of a gender-based kind, e.g. actor-actress, waiter-waitress and master-mistress. Distinctions are reinforced by entrenched patterns of usage and semantic development. Hence, there is an immense insistence to use neutral words in addressing both genders (chairperson, letter carrier, salesclerk and actor)
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However attitudes toward gender equality did not match language usage. Those who have adopted more gender-inclusive language did not necessarily have a more liberal view of gender inequities in language. - Romaine (1999)
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Sexism in Language based on the Grammatical Gender System

English (he-she-it) French and German (le-la, der-die-das)
Grammatical Gender Systems

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Gender Differences
Male Female Neither
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ideological factors in the form of cultural beliefs about women enter into gender assignment in [grammatical] systems that are supposedly purely formal and arbitrary. - Romaine (1999)
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In English, such connections sometimes create problems in finding the right pronoun: Everybody should hand in their papers in five minutes . No person in his right mind would do that. So, it is the people who use languages who are or who are not sexist; Chinese, Japanese, Persian, and Turkish do not make the kinds of gender distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns.
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Sexism in Language based on Word Choice

Japanese Women sentence-final particle -ne/-wa Men refer to themselves as boku/ ore Women refer to themselves as watasi/atasi
Sexism in Language based on Word Choice

Thai Women refer to themselves as dichan Men refer to themselves as phom Women emphasize action by repeating the verb Men emphasize action by adding a descriptive word, -mak
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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Use

Dyirbal Has a special language which is genderdifferentiated in a novel way Guwal (everyday language) is used by both genders Men, in the presence of their mother-in-law, and women, in the presence of their fatherin-law, speak Dyalnuy.
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Yanyuwa Men use one dialect among themselves and women use the other. Children are brought up in womens dialect with boys required to shift to mens dialect as they are initiated to manhood. One variety may be forbidden to one another, i.e., taboo but that gender is apparently nearly always the female gender.
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Brend (1975) claims that the intonation patterns of men and women vary. Women tend to use certain patterns associated with surprise and politeness, and may answer a question with a statement that employs the rising intonation pattern usually associated with a question. Women are less sure of themselves than men do and usually use tag questions as sign of uncertainty and insecurity.
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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Paralinguistic Systems

Women and men may have different paralinguistic systems and move and gesture differently. Requires women to appear to be submissive to men . Women are also often to be named, title, and addressed differently from men. Women are more likely than men to be addressed by their first names when everything else is equal, or, if not by first names, by such terms as lady, miss, or dear, and even baby or babe.
Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Paralinguistic Systems

Women are said not to employ the profanities and obscenities men use, or, if they do, use them in different circumstances or are judged differently for using them. Women are also sometimes required to be silent in situations in which men may speak.
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Homes Sociolinguistic Universal Tendencies (1998)

Women and men develop different patterns of language use. Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do. Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity, while (especially in formal contexts) men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status. Women are stylistically more flexible than men.
Observed Topics of Each Genders Talk

Men speak more than women do.
Mens Talk competition teasing sports aggression doing things Womens Talk self feelings affiliation home family
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Purposes of Talk for Each Gender

Women are also reported to use more polite forms and more compliments than men. They are said to develop solidarity with others in order to maintain social relationships. Men use talk to get things done.
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Politeness in Across-Gender Conversation

Mills (2003) contests the view that women are more polite than men. Politeness is not a property of utterances; it is rather a set of practices or strategies which communities of practice develop, affirm, and contest. Politeness is clearly a resource tool which interactants use to structure their relations with others, , and they are able to be self-reflexive about their own and others use of politeness and impoliteness.
What Women Brings in the Talk

James Drakich (1993) Women are expected to use and do use to a greater extent than men to serve the function of establishing and maintaining personal relationships; for example, women are expected to talk simply in order to keep interaction flowing smoothly and to show goodwill toward others, and they are expected to talk, and do talk, about personal feelings and other socioemotional matters relevant to interpersonal relationships to a greater extent than men
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What Men Brings in the Talk

James and Clarke (1993) In cross-gender conversations, men frequently interrupt women but women much less frequently interrupt men, mostly for cooperative and rapport-building ends.
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What Women Brings in the Talk

Women tend to ask more questions than men, encourage others to speak, use more back-channeling signals like mhmm to encourage others to continue speaking, use more instances of you and we, and do not protest as much as men when they are interrupted.
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What Men Brings in the Talk
Men interrupt more, challenge, dispute, and ignore more, try to control what topics are discussed, and are inclined to make categorical statements.
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Possible Explanations to Gender-Linked Differences

Language can be sexist. Three Claims Men and women are biologically different. Social organization is best perceived as some kind of hierarchical set of power relationships. Men and women are social beings who have learned to act in certain ways.
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Men and women are biologically different.

Women are somehow predisposed psychologically to be involved with one another and to be mutually supportive and non-competitive. Men are innately predisposed to independence and to vertical relationships.
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Social organization is best perceived as some kind of hierarchical set of power relationships.
Language behavior reflects male dominance. Men use their power to dominate others, both men and women, and the latter being powerless tend to get away in the engagement and seek support from other women. Consequently, women opt to use more prestigious language forms to protect themselves in dealing with the more powerful.
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Men and women are social beings who have learned to act in certain ways.
Language behavior is largely learned behavior. Men and women come from different sociolinguistic sub-culture. Men often believes that women are always agreeing with them and then conclude that its impossible to tell what a woman really thinks, whereas women get upset with men who never seem to be listening.
A Community of Practice
A community of practice is an aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in some common endeavor. Defined simultaneously by its membership and by the practice in which that membership engages. The practices of the community and members differentiated participation n them structure the community socially. Processes participation and interaction are constantly changing, so there is also a constant reshaping of both individual and group identity, includng gender identity.
Language vs. Users

Languages themselves may not be sexist. Men and women use language to achieve certain purposes, and so long as differences in gender are equated with differences in access to power and influence in society, we may expect linguistic differences too. Men and women differ in the kinds of language they use because men and women often fill distinctly different roles in society.
Hypercorrection
Assumes a correct male norm and characterizes the female norm as deviant
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Freedom From Sexism

Attempts to modify languages to free them of perceived sexism or make them gender-neutral are a form of language planning.
Social Change
Language
There are varying views as to how and why English should be cleaned up to eliminate sexism.
Queer Linguistics and Lavender Linguistics

Language of non-mainstream groups such as gays, lesbians, bisexuals, the transgendered, etc. and focus on sexuality rather than sex or gender. Cameron and Kulick adopt a postmodern approach patterned on Derrida, Foucault, and Lacan regarding the concept of desire.
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Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus

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There are two kinds of people, those who do the work and those who take the credit.

Try to be in the first group; there is less competition there.

Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus

SEX vs. GENDER

Describing Womens Speech

Describing Womens Speech

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Linguistic Literature on Gender-Linked Differences in Language Use

Linguistic Literature on GenderLinked Differences in Pronunciation

Linguistic Literature on GenderLinked Differences in Pronunciation

Linguistic Literature on GenderLinked Differences in Pronunciation

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Gender-Linked Differences in Morphology and Vocabulary

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Gender-Linked Differences in Morphology and Vocabulary

Gender-Linked Differences in Morphology and Vocabulary

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Gender-Linked Differences in Morphology and Vocabulary

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Sexism in Language based on the Grammatical Gender System

Grammatical Gender Systems

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Sexism in Language based on the Grammatical Gender System

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Sexism in Language based on the Grammatical Gender System

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Sexism in Language based on Word Choice

Sexism in Language based on Word Choice

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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Use

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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Use

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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Use

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Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Paralinguistic Systems

Sexism in Language based on Each Genders Paralinguistic Systems

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Homes Sociolinguistic Universal Tendencies (1998)

Observed Topics of Each Genders Talk

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Purposes of Talk for Each Gender

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Politeness in Across-Gender Conversation

What Women Brings in the Talk

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What Men Brings in the Talk

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What Women Brings in the Talk

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What Men Brings in the Talk

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Possible Explanations to Gender-Linked Differences

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Men and women are biologically different.

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Language vs. Users

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Freedom From Sexism

Queer Linguistics and Lavender Linguistics

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