A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

PREDICTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE OVERLOADING USING INTELLIGENT TECHNIQUE

 Introduction Artificial neural networks Methodology

Line overloading calculations

Input feature selection Simulation results Conclusions References

Need of Prediction of overloading in transmission lines

The enormous expansion of Generation system. Transmission lines are overloaded and that results in high losses. The cases of voltage limit violation and violation are increasing day by day. The violations can be more severe in case of any contingencies. line loading limit

 It is the functional imitation of a human brain . It consists of neurons. It involves into two phases- training or learning phase and testing phase.

Role of ANN in this research

Here identification and prediction of transmission line overloading is done. A cascade neural network based approach is proposed for it.

 All the training patterns are applied to the identification module.

The identified overloaded cases are then passed to the prediction

module.

The input features are taken from the set of real power injections at
generation (PV) and load (PQ) buses.

After that Input selection is done. (explained later)

Large number of load patterns generated by random load variation

Full AC power flow run to compute real power flows

Selection of INPUT features using angular based clustering technique

Normalization of input data between 0.9 and 0.1

Training the CNN using the normalized data

 Line overloading = real power flow in the line - rating of the line. = Done using Newton-Raphson power flow method. The objective is to determine the voltage and its angle at each bus, real

and reactive power flows in each line and line losses.

Variables associated with each bus of a power system include four

quantities viz. voltage magnitude Vi, its phase angle , real power Pi
and reactive power

4m variables for m bus system.

From the nodal current equations, the total current entering the ith bus of m bus system is given by

= + + + =
=

Where is the admittance of the line between buses i and k and is the voltage at bus k. In polar coordinates = = = = = = At ith bus, complex conjugate power will be
= = =

( )
=

On solving this equation the real power and the reactive power can be obtained.

The real power at ith bus will be

[ ( ++) ]
=

Or
. [ + ]

=
=

And the reactive power at ith bus will be

= .

[ (++) ]
=

Or =
= . [

The above equations are known as static load flow equations(SLPE).

The power flow equations used in Newton-Raphson method for computation of voltage corrections are given as

where, H, N, J and L are the sub-matrices of the Jacobian . The ikth matrices of H,N,J and L are, = ; = ; =

The solutions provide the correction vector i. e. for all the PV and PQ type buses and s for all the PQ type buses which are used to update the earlier estimates of s and Vs. This iterative process is continued till the convergence is obtained.

Once the solution of bus voltages ( and for load buses and for generation buses) is found, the power flows in line between buses i and k can be calculated using nominal-pi representation of the line. Current flow from bus i towards bus k will be = + The power flow in the line i-k at the bus i is given by = = +

Here is line charging of the line between buses i and k.

 To decrease size and the number of interconnections in the neural network input feature selection is done Feature selection methods like entropy reduction method, principal component method, correlation coefficient based method, angular distance based method etc. are available in the literature. Here we group the total M system variables (SV1, SV2, . . ., SVM) into G clusters such that the variables in a cluster have similar characteristics. One representative variable from each cluster is picked out as a feature for the cluster. Thus the number of variables will be reduced from M to G.

 Test system- IEEE-14 Bus system.

Changing the load at each bus and generation at PV buses randomly

several load patterns were generated and the power factor at each load is maintained constant. The NR power flow method was used to compute power flows for each loading scenario. The input as well as output data were normalised between 0.9 and 0.1.

 120 load scenarios generated by changing the load at each bus and

generation randomly in wide range.

Total load scenarios = 2400

Patterns used for training = 1600

Patterns used for validation=400 Patterns used for testing= 400 The proposed identification module ANN1 (12-27-1). ANN1 is trained using a BP algorithm. The Prediction module ANN2 (12-85-1)

IDENTIFICATION OF OVERLOADING FOR IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM

Line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 From bus 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 12 13 To bus 2 8 3 6 8 6 11 12 13 7 8 9 5 9 4 10 14 11 13 14 Target T 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ANN O 0.8949 0.1971 0.8957 0.8773 0.8585 0.1015 0.1042 0.1089 0.1049 0.8430 0.1033 0.1016 0.1011 0.1023 0.8645 0.1017 0.1034 0.1043 0.10407 0.1146 Class OL UL OL OL OL UL UL UL UL OL UL UL UL UL OL UL UL UL UL UL

 Total training patterns- 1600 Overloading cases- 586

During testing 400 unseen cases are applied to the trained module.

AMOUNT OF OVERLOADING

Line No.

From bus

To bus

Target

ANN

Error(pu)

1 3 4 5 10

1 2 2 2 6

2 3 6 8 7

0.6157 0.2695 0.3886 0.3408 0.1714

0.6163 0.2712 0.3898 0.3391 0.1737

-0.0006 -0.0017 -0.0012 -0.0017 -0.0023

15

0.2313

0.2352

-0.0039

 Identification and prediction of overloading essential.

Analytical methods take a long time as ac power flow analysis has to be carried out for any change in loading/generation condition.
But with CNN the identification and prediction can be instantaneous. After prediction, a control action can be taken.

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