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Introduction
electroluminescence while experimenting with Silicon Carbide (SiC). In 1955, Rubin Braunstein (born 1922) of the Radio Corporation of America first reported on infrared emission from Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys. In 1962, Nick Holonyak Jr. (born 1928)
General Electric Company invented the first practical
light-emitting diode operating in the red portion of the visible spectrum. Throughout the later 1960s and 1970s, further invention and development produced additional colors and enabled LEDs to become a readily available commercial product.
attracted to the positive charges due to the mutual Coulomb forces of attraction between opposite electric charges.
When the electron and holes recombine, photons (light)
are created.
COLOR
The color-emitted light of LEDs depends on the chemical composition and dominant wavelength of the semiconducting material used.
Tri-color LEDs
The most popular type of tri-color LED has a red and a green LED combined in one package with three leads. They are called tri-color because mixed red and green light appears to be yellow and this is produced when both the red and green LEDs are on.
Bi-color LEDs
A bi-color LED has two LEDs wired in inverse parallel (one forwards, one backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tricolor LEDs described above.
Standard
Red
30mA
1.7V
2.1V
5V
5mcd @ 10mA
60
660nm
Standard
Bright red
30mA
2.0V
2.5V
5V
80mcd @ 10mA
60
625nm
Standard
Yellow
30mA
2.1V
2.5V
5V
32mcd @ 10mA
60
590nm
Standard
Green
25mA
2.2V
2.5V
5V
32mcd @ 10mA
60
565nm
High intensity
Blue
30mA
4.5V
5.5V
5V
60mcd @ 20mA
50
430nm
Super bright
Red
30mA
1.85V
2.5V
5V
60
660nm
Low current
Red
30mA
1.7V
2.0V
5V
60
625nm
LUMEN DEPRECIATION
Lumen depreciation is the lighting attribute most often
used to determine the useful life (minimum maintained illuminance level) of LED sources. LEDs do not fail abruptly; instead, they dim with time. Although a 50,000 to 100,000hour life is commonly attributed for LED. The best LED achieved 70 percent of original light output at 50,000 hours of operation under standard use conditions. One of the key limitations affecting LEDs is temperature. A common maximum junction temperature rating is more than 130oC. The higher the design junction temperature, the faster the light output will degrade.
LEDs have an extremely long operating hours, twice as long as the fluorescent lamps and fifty times longer than the incandescent bulbs.
LED APPLICATIONS While LEDs may be more expensive than incandescent lights up front, because theyre built around advanced semiconductor material, their lower cost in the long run can make them a better buy. The main drivers for conversion to LEDs are higher efficiency, long life, reduced maintenance, and increased and superior visibility, making LEDs a more cost-effective lighting option for a wide range of situations. Below are examples of different usage of LEDs.
(a) seven segment in showing numbers in calculators and measurement instruments. (b) in dot matrix arrangements for displaying messages displays in public information signs (banks, hotels, airports and railway stations and as destination displays for trains, buses, and ferries). (c) remote controls for TVs, VCRs, etc., using infrared LEDs. (d) traffic signals (e) pedestrian signs (f) highway sign panels (g) railroad signals (h) marine navigational lights (i) emergency beacon or strobe lights at airports (j) exit signs
Seven-segment LED