OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

An interface between users and hardware - an environment

"architecture
Allows convenient usage; hides the tedious stuff Allows efficient usage; parallel activity, avoids wasted cycles Provides information protection Gives each user a slice of the resources Acts as a control program.

Common System Components of an OS

Process Management Main Memory Management File Management Secondary Memory Management I/O System Management Networking Protection System Command-Interpreter System (Shell)

OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Humans

The Layers Of A System

Program Interface

User Programs O.S. Interface O.S. Hardware Interface/ Privileged Instructions Disk/Memory/Screen
1: Operating Systems Overview 4

OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Performance:

Storage Hierarchy

1: Operating Systems Overview

OS services

Some examples of operating system are Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS X, Linux , Unix and also DOS

What is Unix?
A multi-user networked operating system
Operating System Handles files, running other programs, input/output Looks like DOSbut more powerful The internet was designed on it, thus networking is an intrinsic part of the system Multi-user
Every user has different settings and permissions Multiple users can be logged in simultaneously

History of unix
History, Bell Labs and AT&T UNIX

Bell Labs and AT&T UNIX development groups develop several version of UNIX:

first edition (1969), ,seventh edition (1978,on PDP11/70) a version for Interdata 8/2 and VAX UNIX for a network of computers System III (1982 - first commercial version) System V based on System III(1983) System V release 2, 3, 4 (1984 - 1989) SVR4 (System V release 4; 1989 AT&T and Sun Micro systems)

1993: AT&T becomes a phone company and sells UNIX to Novell

Overview of Unix System

Kernel & Shell
shell.
Unix/Linux is operating system (OS). Unix system is described as kernel & Kernel is a main program of Unix

User
input

system. it controls hard wares, CPU, memory, hard disk, network card etc.

Shell
Shell is an interface between user and

kernel. Shell interprets your input as commands and pass them to kernel.

Kernel

Unix directory
Directory Structure

Features of unix
UNIX is a multi-user system
Allows many users access and share the

resources of a server computer

UNIX is a multitasking system

Allows user to execute more than one program

at a time

UNIX is a portable operating system

Used in many computing environments

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Basic Commands Commands

su passwd useradd userdel mount umount df shutdown

switch user change password create new user account delete user account mount file system unmount file system show disk space usage reboot or turn off machine

What is Linux
A fully-networked 32/64-Bit Unix-like Operating

System

Unix Tools Like sed, awk, and grep Compilers Like C, C++, Fortran, Smalltalk, Ada Network Tools Like telnet, ftp, ping, traceroute

Multi-user, Multitasking, Multiprocessor Has the X Windows GUI Coexists with other Operating Systems Runs on multiple platforms Includes the Source Code

History
Linus Torvalds created it with assistance from programmers around the world first posted on Internet in 1991 Linux 1.0 in 1994; 2.2 in 1999 Today used on 7-10 million computers with 1000s of programmers working to enhance it

The Linux Kernel

Linux 0.01 (May 1991) had no networking, ran only on

80386-compatible Intel processors and on PC hardware, had extremely limited device-drive support, and supported only the Minix file system. Linux 1.0 (March 1994) included these new features:

Support for UNIXs standard TCP/IP networking protocols BSD-compatible socket interface for networking programming Device-driver support for running IP over an Ethernet Enhanced file system Support for a range of SCSI controllers for high-performance disk access Extra hardware support

This version is sufficient compatible with UNIX and

many people are interested in developing Linux under Torvald supervision. Linux 1.2 (March 1995) was the final PC-only Linux kernel.

Linux 0.01
The first version of Linux (Linux 0.01) has some

of features of MINIX (ex. File system), but the main differences between Linux and MINIX are:
The Linux kernel uses a monolithic model, and it

has many more functions than the micro-kernel of MINIX. From a theoretical point of view MINIX is better than Linux, but from a practical point of view the performances of Linux are better than that one of MINIX.

Linux 2.0
Released in June 1996, 2.0 added two major new

capabilities:

Support for multiple architectures Support for multiprocessor architectures

Other new features included:

Improved memory-management code Improved TCP/IP performance Support for internal kernel threads, for handling

dependencies between loadable modules, and for automatic loading of modules on demand. Standardized configuration interface

Available for Motorola 68000-series processors, Sun

Sparc systems, and for PC and PowerMac systems. Linux 2.2 January 1999 improves some aspects of Linux 2.0 The last release is Linux 2.4.20 (production) Linux 2.5.64 (development)

Conclusion
Linux is a modern, free operating system based on

UNIX standards. First developed as a small but self-contained kernel in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, with the major design goal of UNIX compatibility. Its history has been one of collaboration by many users from all around the world, corresponding almost exclusively over the Internet (software open source). It has been designed to run efficiently and reliably on common PC hardware, but also runs on a variety of other platforms. The core Linux operating system kernel is entirely original, but it can run much existing free UNIX software, resulting in an entire UNIX-compatible

Users
Linux is an intrinsically multi-user system Every user on the system has its own

username and password The root user has ultimate power to run the system. You should not log in as root unless you really need to. During installation, you should have been prompted for a root password and also a username and password for an ordinary user account. The command passwd allows to change the password. Careful: you have to perform the program shutdown h now before to switch off the PC

Unix vs. Linux

Age
Unix: born in 1970 at AT&T/Bell Labs Linux: born in 1992 in Helsinki, Finland

Sun, IBM, HP are the 3 largest vendors of

Unix
These Unix flavors all run on custom hardware

Linux is FREE! (Speech vs. Beer)

Linux was written for Intel/x86, but runs on

many platforms