PERCEPTION

Submitted by: Gunjan Saini BBA (H.A.) VI sem. Roll no: 43914 Submitted to: Mr.Shine David Faculty, IMS-DAVV.
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Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

Perception:
is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Perception:
Part of what we perceive comes through the senses from the object before us; another part.. always comes.. Out of our head. - William James
Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914 3

Perception Vs. Sensation:

Sensation
The

experience of sensory stimulation

Perception
The

process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

Figure 4.1 The distinction between sensation and perception

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Perceptual Processes

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

Perception of Movement
Apparent
Illusion

movement illusion
motion of a single object

that still objects are moving

Autokinetic
Perceived

Stroboscopic
Created

motion

by a rapid series of still pictures

Phi

phenomenon

Apparent

motion created by lights flashing in sequence

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914 7

Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects

Perceptual

sets Inattentional blindness Feature detection theory - bottom-up processing Form perception - top-down processing Subjective contours Perceptual Organization Constancy Depth Perception Illusions
Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914 8

Perceptual sets
By

giving different predispositions, or sets, what is first perceived can be changed.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

Inattentional blindness
The

processes of attention divide our field of experience into a focus and a margin.

Events that we perceive clearly are at the focus of our attention. Other items are perceived dimly, are said to be in the margin of our attention.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Perception

Top-Down

Perceive the whole and then individual parts as needed. Experience-driven as opposed to stimulus or input-data driven. Quick and highly inferential but also a source of misperception. Perceive the individual parts and organize them into a whole, if possible. Information available in the stimulus itself.
Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914 11

Bottom-up

Figure 4.23 Bottom-up versus top-down processing

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914 12

What do you see? The word liar in script or cursive? A face looking down? Those shown artwork with faces were more inclined than others to see the word liar.

What do you see? A face looking down? The word Liar in script or cursive? Those who first read stories about deception were more inclined than others to see the word

Liar.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Subjective contours
Contours

are formed whenever a marked difference occurs in the brightness or the color of the background. We are able to separate forms, figures from the general ground because we perceive contours.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Perceptual Organization
Gestalt
the

psychologists:

(Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka)

whole is more than the sum of its parts Reversible figures and perceptual sets demonstrate that the same visual stimulus can result in very different perceptions

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Perceptual Organization
Figure Ground Relationship
Our first perceptual decision is what is the image is the figure and what is the background.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Perceptual Organization
Principles

of perceptual organization
Proximity Similarity Closure Continuity Pragnanz
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Perception of Distance and Depth

We

see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories:
Monocular Cues Binocular Cues

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Monocular Cues
You

really need one only eye to use these

Linear Perspective Interposition Relative size Texture gradient Shadowing

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Binocular Cues
We

need both of our eyes to use these cues.

Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater. Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).
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Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

Constancy
Objects

change in our eyes constantly as we or they move.but we are able to maintain content perception

Shape Constancy Size Constancy Brightness Constancy

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Illusions:
The Power of Misleading Cues
Optical

Illusions - discrepancy between visual appearance and physical reality optical illusions: Muller-Lyer Illusion, Ponzo Illusion, Poggendorf Illusion, Upside-Down T Illusion, Zollner Illusion, the Ames Room, and Impossible Figures

Famous

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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The Ames Room Illusion

Two people standing in a room appear to be of dramatically different sizes, even though they are the same size.

Gunjan Saini, BBA (HA) 6 sem., 43914

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Figure 4.37 The Muller-Lyer illusion

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Figure 4.39 Four geometric illusions

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Individual Differences and Culture in Perception

Motivation
Our

desires or needs shape our current perceptions

Values Expectations Cognitive

Style Experience and Culture Personality

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All our knowledge is the offspring of our perceptions.

-LEONARDO DA VINCI, Thoughts on Art and Life
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