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Seminar is an exposure of students for their personality development It trained us to be aware about advance technologies. It develop the skills of teaching and shows creativity. Rapid use and demand of smart cards in all over the world.

Overview
Introduction Architecture and Design Working Standards and Specifications Classification of Smart Cards

Application
Future Trends

Smart Card is one of the latest additions to the world of information technology 3

A Smart Card is like a credit card with a brain on it, the brain being a small embedded computer chip. This card-computer can be programmed to perform tasks and store information.

In laymans terms Smart Card is a very small computer embedded on plastic card

Introduction Architecture and Design Working

Standards and Specifications

Classification of Smart Card Application Future Trends

Architecture of smart card includes a Microprocessor , memory and mechanism for processing the information.

Conventional Smartcard Architectures

Smart Card Microprocessor Architecture

DATA INTERFACE

RAM
E E P R O M

CPU Or MP

ROM

Processor or CPU
The CPU performs all processing functions, such as encryption, while RAM serves as a temporary register for information. During PIN verification, the PIN is temporarily stored in RAM. Currently all processors are 8 bit Typical Clock Speeds: 5 MHz. Future: Will slowly move to 32 bit architecture.
RAM E E P R O M

DATA INTERFACE

CPU Or MP

ROM

RAM

RAM: Ranom Access Memory

Used as temporary storage. Erased on power off. Typically varies between 128 Bytes to 512 Bytes.
DATA INTERFACE

CPU Or MP

E E P R O M

ROM

ROM: Read Only Memory

Used for storing fixed programs. Holds the SCOS(Smart Card Operating System). Typically varies from 2KB to around 16 KB. Once written, cannot be changed. 9 Occupies the least area.

RAM

EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory

Used for storing data that might change. DATA INTERFACE Holds various applications and their data. Can be read or written to subject to permissions. Typically varies from 2KB to 32 KB depending on need.
CPU Or MP

E E P R O M

ROM

PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory

Used for loading card serial number. Very small, typically just 32 bytes.
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RAM

I/O Interface: Input Output Interface

Controls data flow to and from the card. Flow occurs one bit at a time in a half duplex manner. Typical Data flow rate is 9600 bits/sec.
DATA INTERFACE

CPU Or MP

E E P R O M

Area required to hold 1 bit with various memories:

ROM 10m x 10m = 100 m2 EEPROM 20m x 20m = 400 m2 RAM 40m x 40m = 1600 m2

ROM

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Carrier: The basic material of which the card body is made.

Carrier should be : Resistant to mechanical failure. Able to withstand high temperatures. Cheap PVC [Poly Vinyl Chloride], ABS [Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene] and PETP [Poly Ethylene Terephthalate] often used.

PVC: All rounder ABS: Brittle but withstands higher temperatures PETP: High flexibility

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Vcc Reset Clock

Gnd Vpp I/O

Smartcard Physical Dimensions

8 PIN contact

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PIN Configuration
C1 C2 C3 C4
8 PIN contact
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C5 C6 C7 C8

Introduction Architecture and Design Working

Standards and Specifications

Classification of Smart Card Application Future Trends

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Data Transmission
All communications to and from the smartcard are carried out over the C7 contact. Thus, only one party can communicate at a time, termed half-duplex. Communication is always initiated by the terminal, which implies a type of client/server relationship between card and terminal. After a card is inserted into a terminal, it is powered up by the terminal, executes a power-on-reset, and sends an Answer to Reset (ATR) to the terminal.

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The ATR is parsed, various parameters are extracted, and the terminal then submits the initial instruction to the card. The card generates a reply and sends it back to the terminal. The client/server relationship continues in this manner until processing is completed and the card is removed from the terminal.

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provide the physical link between the smart card and the host system or application. The read/write device delivers power, initializes the card, and acts as the mediator between the smart card and the host. Power is delivered to the smart card by making a physical contact on the contact smart card micromodule or by inducing current through the antenna of contactless designs.

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Introduction Architecture and Design Working

Standards and Specifications

Classification of Smart Card Application Future Trends

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Standards necessary to encourage interoperability. Main Standards connected to Smart Cards: ISO 7816 EMV GSM OCF

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Introduction Architecture and Design Working

Standards and Specifications

Classification of Smart Card Application Future Trends

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SMART CARDS

Components
Memory Chip Optical

Interface
Contact Contactless

OS used
Java card Multos

Hybrid

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Component Based Classification

1. Memory Cards Most common and cheapest and looks like floppy disk. It can store data but do not have processor to manipulate that data. Contain EEPROM and ROM memory The region of memory are accessible only after a secret code is provided by card holder or reader. Cost around $1 Areas where used: - Prepaid telephone cards - parking schemes - ticketing
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Component Based Classification 2. Chip Cards Cards that contain a microprocessor

Various parts- ROM, EEPROM, PROM, RAM, Processor, I/O Interface

Cost: $2 upwards Provide robust security. Almost impossible to crack.

Areas where used: - Financial Cards

- Travel and Ticketing

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Component Based Classification 3. Optical Cards

Having large memory capacity - 4 MB.

It looks like a card with a piece of CD glued on top. Ones written data cannot be changed.

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Interface Based Classification

1. Contact Cards Require insertion into the reader Do not contain battery. Energy supplied by the card reader. 6-8 gold plated contacts Limitations

- Contact get worn out

- Card Tearing - Electrostatic Discharges
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Interface Based Classification 2. Contactless Cards No insertion required. It has the micromodule hidden between the two plastic faces In this chip communicate with the card reader through RFID induction technology Reading distance: few cms to 50 cms. Used when transaction has to be carried out quickly. Advantages: Higher reliability, long life, require lesser maintenance Used in: Transport Industry, access Control
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Interface Based Classification 3. Hybrid or Combo Cards Cards which can be used as either Contact or as Contactless Cards. It has two interfaces: One for contact readers, other for contactless readers. Not too prevalent, might be used in future when multi application cards are introduced.

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OS Based Classification

Smart Card Operating Systems (SCOS) are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle: - File handling and Manipulation - Memory management - Data transmission Protocols

Various SCOS available are:

# Cyberflex # StarCOS # Multos # Oscar # MFC # JavaCards
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Introduction Architecture and Design Working

Standards and Specifications

Classification of Smart Card Application Future Trends

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Application
Person identification Obtain cash from banks- ATM card

As a credit card
Telephony Pre-paid Telephone Cards Mobile Telephony

Financial Cards
Health cards Driving licence
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Introduction Architecture and Design Working Standards and Specifications Classification of Smart Card Application

Future Trends

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www.technick.net www.quickbuilder.co.uk www.smartcardforum.org.uk www.wikipedia.org www.mylot.info www.smarttoolz.com www.cardlogix.com www.maxking.com/smartcardsoftware.htm

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