Dr.

Sushovan Bera Associate Professor Jogamaya Devi College

Biotic (transmissible)

~30%

Abiotic (not transmissible) ~ 70%

Environmental:
(freezing,flooding,drought,light, wind, hail etc.)

Cultural:
(mechanical damage, planting problems etc.) (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides & others)

Chemical:

Physiological Disorders:
(abnormal growth due to genetic and/or environmental interactions)

Low soil moisture Stunting, pale green / yellow coloration, less flower & fruits death. i) Drought : Reduced growth, scorched leaf, defoliation death. ii) Excessive soil moisture Tree suffer slowly than field crop, root system poorly develop, fibrous roots get damaged, pale coloration of leaves, lack of vigor, wilt [ CO2 accumulation & anaerobic respiration ] b. Soil texture Affect water retaining capacity; in both hard & course soil stunted growth due to poor root growth occurs. c. Soil reaction Around neutral & acidic pH preferable; unfavourable pH alter mineral uptake Symptom expression. [ High acidity:- use lime; High alkalinity:- use sulphur or irrigate to wash]
a.

Soil moisture :

Temperature:
High : Leaf scorching, sun scald, discoloration, water soaked appearance etc. [ inactivate enzymes adverse biochemical reaction death] Low : Damage shoot tips, affected tissue become translucent black dry up; freezing temperature form ice crystals.

Relative humidity:
Low RH Scorching / shriveling of fruits, wilting, premature shedding fruits.

Lack of oxygen: Cells die due to suboxidation & anaerobic respiration. Black heart of potato, Brownining of apple etc. High light: Water soaked spots, sun scald, brown and reddish brown coloration of leaf.

Sulphur dioxide: Water relations of cells disrupted, cells collapse, mesophyll damages chlorosis, water soaked spots. Hydrogen fluoride: Rapid plsmolysis and internal cell collapse burnt appearance. Ozone : Affect palisade cells, water soaked spots appear,finally mottling & chlorosis.

Chlorine: Bleached, necrotic interveinal area, scorching of leaf margins . Ethylene: Stunting, abnormal development of leaf, early senescence of flowers fruits. Photoactive pollutants: sunlight NO2 + O2 O3 + NO O3 + (NO + un-burn hydrocarbon) = O3+PAN Peroxy acyl nitrate (PAN) leads to banding effects on leaf, injury around stomata & mesophyll tissue.

Iatrogenic disease produced by appropriate therapy for another disease, usually occurring as a side effect of pharmacological agents.

Phytotoxic effects can range from slight burning or browning of leaves to death of the plant. Sometimes, the damage appears as distorted leaves, fruits, flowers or stems. Damage symptoms vary with pesticides and the types of plant that has been affected. Plant damage can be caused by the a.i., solvent in formulations, impurities, condition of plant at the time of treatment. High temperature can speed up phytotoxicity.

Deformed cotton leaf Paraquot injury of apple

Glyphosate damage to cucumber plant

Dimethoate injury

Kresoxim injury

Glyphosate damage to apple tree

Growth Regulator inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors Pigment inhibitors Seedling growth inhibitors Root inhibitors Shoot inhibitors Cell membrane disruptors Lipid synthesis inhibitors Amino acid synthesis inhibitors

a. Leaf and stem malformations b. In broad leaf plants stems curl, twist and droop. c. Leaves are cupped, crinkled or have a drawstring appearance caused by irregular growth of the leaf edges.

 Yellowing between leaf

veins , in veins, yellowing and then browining of leaf margins , finally death. Specking, spotting and yellowing or bronzing of leaves.

a.Leaves turn yellow or white and then often translucent. b.New growth is yellow to white with sometimes a hint of purple or pink. c.These symptoms can be found on cotyledons to the newest leaves of susceptible plants.

ROOT INHIBITORS:
(e.g. Dinitroaniline: Benetin, Oryzalin)

a. Stunted growth with purple discoloration because roots can not take up enough phosphorus. b. Root system appear stubby & thick, especially lateral roots. c. Callus tissue formed on the plant stem near the soil surface.

Shoot inhibitors:
( e.g. Acetamide : Acetachlor, Butachlor) a. Improper leaf unfurling, buggy, whipping(tightly rolled leaves), leaf wrinkling. b. In broad leaf plants, the midrib may draw in the leaf edge in drawn string effect. c. Leaf puckering. d. Stunting.

a.Plants rapidly turn yellow or pale and look water soaked, then dry up. b.Specks of burned tissue on non-target vegetation. c.Leaf burn and red stem.

a.Symptoms develop slowly within 14 days. b.Initial injury is seen where the newest leaves are developing. c.Base of new leaves become mushy, has a rotted appearance. d.Reddish blue pigmentation may be observed on stem, stem sheath, leaf margins and / or leaf blade.

a. Plants treated with glyphosate or sulphosate turn yellow in 5-7 days, then turn brown & dies in 10 14 days. b. An individual plant may have dead tissue, yellow tissue and green tissue at the same time.

Nutrient deficiencies: Nitrogen- Poor growth, pale green coloration, drying of flower & fruits. Phosphorus- Poor growth, stunting, bluish green/ brown coloration of leaf. Sulphur- Small leaf, light yellowing of leaf etc. Potassium- Die back, premature senescence. Manganese- Chlorosis, premature senescence, stunting.

General chlorosis. Chlorosis progresses from light green to yellow.

Entire plant becomes under prolonged stress.

yellow

Growth is immediately restricted and plants soon become spindly and drop older leaves. Drying of flower & fruits.

 Poor growth, stunting

Leaves appear dull, dark green, blue green, or redpurple, especially on the underside, and especially at the midrib and vein. Petioles may also exhibit purpling. Restriction in growth may be noticed.

 Leaves small,uniformly light green, followed by yellowing and poor spindly growth. Uniform chlorosis does not occur

Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or have necrotic spots (may be small black spots which later coalesce). Margins become brown and cup downward. Growth is restricted and die back may occur. Mild symptoms appear first on recently matured leaves. Premature senescence
Blotchy ripening of tomato: Green & Yellow area merging into Red

 Chlorosis is less marked near veins. Some mottling occurs in interveinal areas. Chlorotic areas eventually become brown, transparent, or necrotic. Symptoms may appear later on older leaves. Stunting prominant Premature senescence

Calcium- Poor root growth,terminal buds may die distortion & curling of leaf, pitting of fruits etc. Iron- Chlorosis, brown spots, drying & shedding of leaves. Boron- Stunting, chlorosis & necrosis of leaf, heart rot symptoms. Zinc- Short internodes, chlorosis purplish necrosis. Copper- Leaf and twig necrosis Magnesium- Chlorotic mottling & browning etc.

 Poor root growth Growing points usually damaged or dead (die back). Margins of leaves developing from the growing point are first to turn brown. Distortion and curling of leaf Pitting of fruits

 Distinct yellow or white areas appear between veins, and veins eventually become chlorotic. Symptoms are rare on mature leaves Brown spots, drying and shedding of leaves

 Young, expanding leaves

may be chlorotic, necrotic or distorted followed by death of growing points. Internodes may be short, especially at shoot terminals, hence, stunting. Stems may be rough, cracked, or split along the vascular bundles. Heart rot symptoms occur

Leaves may be abnormally small ,with chlorosis purplish necrosis. Internodes are shortened.

 Leaves wilt, become chlorotic, then necrotic. Wilting and necrosis are not dominant symptoms. Twig necrosis not uncommon

 Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic

blotches which later merge.

Leaves show yellow chlorotic interveinal tissue on some species, reddish purple progressing to necrosis on others.
Younger leaves affected with continued stress.

Chlorotic areas may become necrotic, brittle, and curl upward.

Symptoms usually occur late in the growing season.

Thank you