Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut

Session 8

Cutting Speed
Rate at which point on work circumference travels past cutting tool Always expressed in feet per minute (ft/min) or meters per minute (m/min) Important to use correct speed for material
Too high: cutting-tool breaks down rapidly Too low: time lost, low production rates
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Lathe Cutting Speeds

Using High-Speed Steel Toolbit
Turning and Boring
Rough Cut Finish Cut Material Threading ft/min m/min ft/min m/min ft/min m/min

Mach steel
Tool steel Cast iron

90
70 60

27
21 18

100
90 80

30
27 24

35
30 25

11
9 8

Bronze
Aluminum

90
200

27
61

100
300

30
93

25
60

8
18
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Calculating Spindle Speed

Given in revolutions per minute Cutting speed of metal and diameter of work must be known Proper spindle speed set by dividing CS (in/min) by circumference of work (in)

CS x 12 CS x 4 RPM D D
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Example:
Calculate RPM required to rough-turn 2 in. diameter piece of machine steel (CS 90 SFM):

CS x 4 RPM D 90 x 4 RPM 180 2

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Example:
Calculate RPM required to rough-turn 50 mm diameter piece of machine steel (CS 27 MPM):

CS x 320 RPM D 27 x 320 RPM 172.8 50

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Lathe Feed
Distance cutting tool advances along length of work for every revolution of the spindle Feed of engine lathe dependent on speed of lead screw for feed rod
Speed controlled by change gears in quick-change gearbox

Bringing Diameter to Size Using Two Cuts

Roughing cut
Purpose to remove excess material quickly Coarse feed: surface finish not too important
.010- to .015-in. (0.25- to 0.4-mm)

Finishing cut
Used to bring diameter to size Fine feed: Produce good finish
.003- to .005-in (0.07- to 0.012-mm)
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Lathe Feedrates
High-speed steel cutting tool feedrate per revolution of spindle
Rough Cuts Material Mach steel Tool steel Cast iron in. mm in. .010.020 0.250.5 .010.020 0.250.5 .015.025 0.40.65 Finish Cuts mm .003.010 0.070.25 .003.010 0.070.25 .005.012 0.130.3

Bronze .
Aluminum

015.025

0.40.65

.003.010 0.070.25
.005.010 0.130.25

.015.030 0.40.75

Depth of Cut
Depth of chip taken by cutting tool and one-half total amount removed from workpiece in one cut Only one roughing and one finishing cut
Roughing cut should be deep as possible to reduce diameter to within .030 to .040 inch or .75 to 1 mm of size required Finishing cut should not be less than .005 inch or .125 mm
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Depth of cut on a lathe

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Factors Determining Depth of Rough-Turning Cut

Available Stock Workpiece Material Condition of machine

Type and shape of cutting tool used

Rigidity of workpiece, machine, and cutting tool Rate of feed
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Graduated Micrometer Collars

Used when diameter of work must be turned to accurate size Sleeves or bushings mounted on compound rest and crossfeed screws Measurement
Inch system graduated in .001 inch Metric system usually in steps of 0.02 mm

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Graduated Micrometer Collars

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Inch System
Circumference of crossfeed and compound rest screw collars divided into 100-125 equal divisions
Each has value of .001 inch
Turn crossfeed screw clockwise 10 graduations, cutting tool moved .010 inch toward work Lathe revolves, so .010 depth of cut taken from entire work circumference reducing diameter .020 inch

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Metric System
Circumference of crossfeed and compound rest screw collars divided into 100-125 equal divisions
Each has value of .02 mm
Turn crossfeed screw clockwise 10 graduations, cutting tool moved .2 mm toward work Lathe revolves, so .2 mm depth of cut taken from entire work circumference reducing diameter .4 mm

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On machines where the workpiece revolves, the cutting tool should be set in for only half the amount to be removed from the diameter.

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Graduated Collar Use

Make sure collar is secure before setting a depth of cut All depths of cut must be made by feeding cutting tool toward workpiece If graduated collar turned past desired setting, must be turned backward halfturn and fed into proper setting to remove backlash Never hold graduated collar when setting depth of cut
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Graduated Collar Use

Graduated collar on compound rest can be used for accurately setting depth of cut
Shoulder turning
Compound rest set at 90 to cross-slide Lock carriage in place Spacing of shoulders to within .001 in. accuracy

Facing
Compound rest swung to 30, amount removed from length of work = amount of feed on collar
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Graduated Collar Use

Machining accurate diameters
Set compound rest to 8416' to the cross-slide .001 in movement = .0001 infeed movement .02 mm movement = .002 infeed movement

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Calculating Machining Time

Factors such as spindle speed, feed and depth of cut must be considered

distance Time rate Where distance length of cut rate feed x RPM
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Example:
Calculate the time required to machine a 2-in. diameter machine-steel shaft 16 inch to 1.850 diameter finish size Roughing cut Roughing feed

CS x 4 90 x 4 RPM 180 D 2
feed = .020

length of cut 16 Roughing cut time 4.4 min feed x r/min .020 x 180 100 x 4 Finishing cut: RPM 216 1.850 Total Time
Finishing feed = .003

16 Finishing cut time 24.7 min .003 x 216

29.1 min

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