SEWER APPURTENANCES

BYSOURABH M. KULKARNI M TECH (ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG) UNDER THE GUIDEANCE OF PROF. J.S MAIN

INTRODUCTION
In order to make the process of construction easy and to have efficient working and maintenance. Sewer system requires various types of appurtenances for their proper functioning and maintenance. If sewerage system is not properly maintained silt, ashes, grit, oil, fats, etc. will chock the sewer lines

SEWER APPURTENANCES
Manhole Catch basin Cleanouts Oil & grease trap Inlets Lamp holes Drop manholes Flushing tanks Inverted siphons Sewer ventilators

LAMPHOLES
An opening or hole constructed in a sewer for the purpose of lowering a lamp inside.

Purpose Flushing device. Fresh air inlet.

Location In narrow lanes change of gradient and slight curves where space is insufficient . If the construction of manhole is difficult. When the sewer length is straight for a considerable distance beyond the usual spacing between manholes.

OIL AND GREASE TRAP

Provided on the sewer line to exclude grease and oil from sewage before it enters the sewer line. Principle. Location. Cleaning. Reasons for removal of oil & grease.

CATCH BASINS
It is a structure in the form of a chamber which is provided along the sewer line to admit or allow the clear rain water free from silt, grit, debris etc. into the combined water.

Chambers (75 to 90 cm in dia. And 75 to 90 cm in deep).

The outlet pipe of catch basin is fixed about 60 cm above the bottom of catch basin.

Purpose To prevent the entry of silt, grit, debris, etc. contained in the rain water. To prevent the sewer gas. Maintenance It requires a periodical cleaning. It also then forms a breeding place for mosquitoes and causes annoyance to the person passing. Use The catch basins are adopted for the combined sewerage system.

CLEANOUTS
Inclined pipe which is connected to the underground sewer. Working. .

VENTILATORS IN SEWERS
Various gases are produced in the sewers due to decomposition of organic materials of sewage. cause harm to human health and corrode the sewers reducing their life. Highly explosive . ventilation is provided to the sewers lines at every 80-100 mt.

STORM WATER INLETS

STREET INLETS Opening through which storm water and surface wash flowing along the streets are admitted and conveyed to the storm water sewer by means of pipe. Types Vertical inlet or curb inlet. Horizontal inlet or gutter inlet. Combine inlet.

Location The inlets are located or placed by the sides of roads at a distance of about 30 to 60 m. The inlets are connected to nearby manholes by pipe line. The dia. of connecting pipe to street to main street sewer should not be less than 200mm. Openings least opportunity is given for the storm water to stop. Chances of clogging are brought down to minimum possible extent. The objects that are cause most of the trouble. The cleanliness of footpaths and streets.

INVERTED SIPHON
It is a sewer section which is constructed lower than the adjacent sewer sections and which runs full under gravity with pressure greater than the atmosphere. It will be more appropriate to refer it as a depressed sewer or a sag pipe. Purpose To carry the sewer line below obstructions such as ground depression, streams, rivers, railway etc.

Velocity The self cleaning velocity 1.0 mps for minimum flow to avoid the deposition in the line. Inlet and outlet chamber should allow the sufficient room for entry and maintenance of siphon. The outlet chamber is so designed so that to prevent the backflow of sewage into the pipes which are not used at a time of minimum flow.

FLUSHING TANKS
It is a device or an arrangement which is made to hold and then to through water into the sewer for the purpose of flushing it. Approximate quantity require for flushing Slope 0.050 0.075 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 200mm 250mm 300mm 2300 lits. 2500 lits. 3000 lits. 1500 1300 500 400 1800 1500 800 500 2300 2000 1000 700

Types Hand operated flushing tank. Automatic flushing tank. Purpose Where it is not possible to obtain self cleaning velocities due to flatness of gradient espically at the top ends of branch sewers which receive very little flow The flushing can be conveniently accomplished by the use of a fire hydradant or tanker & hose. Quality of waterIt is not required treated water. Untreated can be prefered.

STORM WATER REGULATORS

The structures constructed to divert part of sewage in case of combined sewers are known as the storm water regulators and they come into operation when discharge exceed certain value. Object To divert the excess storm water to natural stream or river. Decrease in load on the treatment units or pumping stations. Three types of storm water regulators Leaping weir. Overflow weir. Siphon spillway.

Leaping weir The gap or opening in the invert of a combined sewer. The intercepting sewer runs at right angles to the combined sewers. When the discharge is small, the sewage falls directly into the intercepting sewer through the opening. But when a discharge exceeds a certain limit, the excess sewage laps or jumps across the weir and it is carried to natural stream or river.

Overflow weir The excess sewage is allowed to overflow in the channel made in the manhole. When the quantity of sewage exceeds the capacity of the combined sewer, it overflows and falls into the channels and it is conveyed to the storm water sewer. In order to prevent the escape of floating matter from the combined sewer channel, the adjustable plates, are sometimes provided.

Siphon spillway It works on the principle of siphon action and it operates automatically. The rise of sewage in combined sewer is thus controlled in a better way. It is automatic in functioning and this is the most effective. This arrangement has no moving parts and thus low maintenance. However it is likely to be clogged due to narrow passages.

MANHOLES
It opening constructed on the alignment of sewer for

facilating a person access to the sewer. Object Location Constructional detail

Rectangular manholes For the depth of manholes less than 0.90mtr, 900x800mm. For the depth of manholes 0.90 up to 2.5 mtr, 1200x900mm.

Arch type manhole

For the depth of 2.5 & above . Circular manholes circular manholes are straight down in lower portion and slanting in top portion so as to narrow down the top opening equal to dia. of manhole cover. For depth above 0.90m and up to 1.65m, 900mm diameter. For depth above 1.65m and up to 2.30m, 1200mm diameter. For depth above 2.30m and up to 9.0m, 1500mm diameter. For depth above 9m and up to 14m, 1800mm diameter.

House drainage- Gully trap

Made of stoneware and cast-iron.
Water seal about 60 to 70mm. Forms the starting point of horizontal flow of sewage.

Usually situated near the external face of the wall. leads the sewage either to the sewer or to inspection chamber or to manhole.

 Inspection chamber Water seal of about 100mm

and it is provided in the last manhole house drainage system. Conveys sewage from house to the public sewer. Trap is to prevent the entry of sewer gases from public sewer line to house drainage.

DROP MANHOLE
When a sewer connects with another sewer, where the difference in level between main line and the invert level of branch line is more than 600mm.

A drop connection shall be provided for which a manhole may be built incorporating a vertical or near vertical drop pipe from the higher sewer to lower sewer. This pipe may be outside the shaft and encased in concrete or supported on brackets inside the shafts.

 Manhole safety. Hazards of manhole work.

REFERENCES
Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment. Second edition. Water supply and sanitary engineering By-G.S Birdie and J.S.Birde. Water supply and sanitary engineering ByRangwala

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